Preparation and characterization of polyurethane microcapsules containing n‐octadecane with styrene‐maleic anhydride as a surfactant by interfacial polycondensation

A series of polyurethane microcapsules containing a phase change material (PCM) of n‐octadecane was successfully synthesized by an interfacial polymerization in aqueous styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) dispersion with diethylene triamine (DETA) as a chain extender reacting with toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI). The average diameter of microPCMs is in the range of 5–10 μm under the stirring speed of 3000–4000 rpm. Optical and SEM morphologies of microPCMs had ensured that the shell was regularly fabricated with the influence of SMA. FTIR results confirmed that the shell material was polyurethane and the SMA chains associated on core material reacted with TDI forming a part of shell material. The shell thickness was decreasing in the range of 0.31–0.55 μm with the molar ratio of DETA/TDI from 0.84 to 1.35 and the weight of core material increasing from 40 to 80% (wt %). By controlling the weight ratio of PCM as 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% in microPCMs, it was found using DSC that the T_m and T_c of microPCMs were in the range of 29.8–31.0^oC and 21.1–22.0°C and an obvious phase change had been achieved nearly the same temperature range of that of PCM. The results from release curves of microPCM samples prepared by 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 g of SMA indicated the release properties were affected by the amount of the dispersant, which attributed to the emulsion effect and shell polymerization structure. The above results suggest that the shell structure of microPCMs can be controlled and the properties of microPCMs determined by shell will perform proper practical usage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4996–5006, 2006     

A force modulation study on crystallization process in ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films

This paper introduces the Force Modulation technique to the study of crystallization process in ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films. Using this technique we have successfully visualized ferroelectric crystalline domains and observed that these ferroelectric domains grow out from amorphous phase, unite into strip-like structures, and finally congregate into a union. Force Modulation can weaken the influence of topography on imaging of ferroelectric domains, and reveal more details, which are difficult to be observed in topographical image.     

Selective and nonselective wet etching of Zn0.9Mg0.1O/ZnO

Wet etch rates at 25°C for Zn_0.9Mg_0.1O grown on sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were in the range 300–1100 nm · min⁻¹ with HCl/H₂O (5×10⁻³−2×10⁻² M) and 120–300 nm · min⁻¹ with H₃PO₄/H₂O (5×10⁻³−2×10⁻² M). Both of these dilute mixtures exhibited diffusion-limited etching, with thermal activation energies of 2–3 kCal · mol⁻¹. By sharp contrast, the etch rates for ZnO also grown on sapphire by PLD were much slower in similar solutions, with rates of 1.2–50 nm · min⁻¹ in HCl/H₂O (0.01–1.2 M) and 12–54 nm · min⁻¹ in H₃PO₄/H₂O (0.02–0.15 M). The etching was reaction limited over the temperature range 25–75°C, with activation energies close to 6 kCal · mol⁻¹. The resulting selectivity of Zn_0.9Mg_0.1O over ZnO can be a high as ∼400 with HCl and ∼30 with H₃PO₄.     

循环荷载作用下饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型

基于作者新近提出的一种混合塑性硬化准则和临界状态土力学理论建立了一个三维形式表述的适于饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型,此硬化准则是著名的M asing方法在三维应力空间中的推广。该模型的二维形式已采用饱和黏性土样室内动态三轴不排水剪切试验的结果进行了验证并已在另文发表。本文所建的三维弹塑性动本构模型与一个半经验的孔隙水压力增长模式相结合,通过有限元程序ABAQUS*对一个循环荷载作用下的条形基础下部地基土层内的位移、应力分布和超孔隙水压力随时间的变化进行了分析,计算结果表明模型预测的地基土的力学响应是符合实际的。     

焦化厂门型吊改造

从门型吊承轨梁的受力分析入手．研究剖析了原结构产生裂纹的诸多原因．通过理论计算。做出了承轨梁与桁架连接接点的最佳设计．提出了符合现场实际情况的更换承轨梁的最佳方案，为类似设备改造提供了可借鉴的经验。     

胜利油田污水储罐腐蚀防护方法评价

对胜利油田纯粱采油厂A3钢制生产污水（水温约60℃）储罐使用寿命过低的原因进行了实验考察。水质分析数据表明氯离子浓度高（45-48gm）是污水腐蚀性强的主要因素。A3钢在60℃污水中的腐蚀速率，由极化曲线数据计算的值大大高于失重法测定值，敞开系统中失重法测定值又高于密闭系统中测定值，挂片上出现蚀孔，说明储罐中A3钢发生了氧存在下氟离子引起的局部腐蚀（孔蚀）。元素分析结果表明．储罐阴极保护所用的牺牲阳极铝材含铁等元素量超标。牺牲阳极密封不良，在实验污水中7天后电流效率仅为2．92％，失去阴极保护能力。处于实验污水环境中的有涂层保护的A3钢．14天后出现腐蚀极化电流，表明涂层已失去完整性。要提高该采油厂及胜利油田其他采油厂污水储罐的使用寿命，必须改用合格的牺牲阳极和保护涂层材料。图3表2参7。     

Development of a low cost microwave mixer using a broad-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) coupler

A low cost single-balanced mixer is designed using a newly designed 90/spl deg/ substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) 3-dB coupler, which takes the advantages of low cost, low profile, and high performance. An X-band single-balanced SIW mixer is designed and fabricated with a standard printed circuit board process. Measured conversion loss of 6.8dB and the wide-band response from 8.5 to 12GHz are presented.     

Discrete Modeling and Suggested Measurement of Heat Transfer in Gas-Solids Flows

This article presents a two-dimensional transient model for gas-solids flow and heat transfer through pipes using the coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method approach. Numerical simulations have been conducted to examine the modification of fluid thermal structure due to the presence of particles in a pneumatic transport pipeline. Modeled results have demonstrated the key role of transversal motion of rebounding particles in the pipe cross section in altering fluid temperature. Further implementation of this modeling technique in air-drying processes is discussed and possible experimental methods for the measurement of in situ particle and fluid motion and temperature profile are cited.     

A Unified View on Clustering Binary Data

Clustering is the problem of identifying the distribution of patterns and intrinsic correlations in large data sets by partitioning the data points into similarity classes. This paper studies the problem of clustering binary data. Binary data have been occupying a special place in the domain of data analysis. A unified view of binary data clustering is presented by examining the connections among various clustering criteria. Experimental studies are conducted to empirically verify the relationships.     

冷41-平14"L"型水平井轨迹优化与控制技术

冷41-平14井受地面条件的限制,靶前位移小,为保证中间套管和完井管柱的顺利下入,剖面设计为“反向造斜-稳斜-降斜-正向造斜-水平段”的“L”型。简要介绍了冷41-平14“L”型水平井的设计概况,详细介绍了该井井眼轨道优化设计原则和设计结果,以及实钻井眼轨迹连续控制技术。该井精确命中A、B靶,两靶处的井斜角、方位角和垂深等达到了设计要求,在A靶实现了软着陆。该井井眼轨道优化设计和井眼轨迹控制技术为类似水平井的井眼轨道设计和轨迹控制提供了有益的借鉴。