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102.
François Treussart Nicolas Dubreuil Jongthan Cave Knight Vahid Sandoghdar Jean Hare Valçrie Lefçvre-Seguin Jean-Michel Raimond Serge Haroche 《电信纪事》1997,52(11-12):557-568
Light can be confined efficiently in the high-Q, small-volume whispering-gallery-modes observed in silica microspheres. By coupling these microspheres to eroded optical fibers and fiber tips, direct mapping of the whispering-gallery modes has been achieved and the mode numbers have been assessed. The properties of these modes have allowed us to obtain laser action with very low thresholds in Nd-doped silica microspheres. Further projects in the field of non-linear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics are described. 相似文献
103.
Zitt Michel Ramanana-Rahary Suzy Bassecoulard Elise Laville Françoise 《Scientometrics》2003,57(2):295-320
This article depicts some features of the geography of science and technology outputs in the EU, with a particular attention
to regional “co-location” of these two pillars of the “knowledge-based society”. Economists have, for a decade, paid great
attention to local “spillovers” stating that industrial firms often draw advantages from the presence of nearby academic centres.
The presence in the same areas of strong academic and technological resources is both a condition and a result of science-technology
interactions. Concentrating on publications and patents as proxies of the science and technology level in regions, we built
a typology of regions according to their commitment to the two knowledge-base activities and then analysed the co-locations
of science and technology from several points of view. A fine-grain lattice, mainly based on standard Nuts3 level, was used.
Co-location, at the EU level, is not a general rule. A strong potential for spillover/ interaction does exist in the top-class
regions which concentrate a high proportion of European S and T output. But for regions with a small/medium level of S&T activity,
a divergence of orientations appears between a science-oriented family and a technology-oriented family, indicating an imbalance
between local S and T resources. If we look at the S-oriented regions, whilst controlling for underlying factors, such as
population and regional economic product, a significant geographic linkage between T and S appears. This suggests a trajectory
of science-based technological development. A careful examination of S&T thematic alignments and specialisation is necessary
to develop the hypothesis that fostering academic resources could increase the technological power along a growth path.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
104.
Fast pitting corrosion in a steel/water system as a result of unusual stabilization of anodes Corrosion damage as a result of fast pitting was observed in industrial equipment made of unalloyed steel. The rate of formation and the manifestation of the pits are similar to pitting corrosion of stainless steels. Estimation of the kinetics of the localized corrosion in terms of differential aeration cells led to a model which indicates the stabilization of small anodic regions. The stabilization was caused by precipitation of the products of reaction between ferrous ions and polymeric silicate. The high rate of pitting also suggests that the oxygen entering the system during service periods involving the exposure of the system to air has enhanced the corrosion. These ideas could be substantiated by experiments, which also revealed particularly the effect of the concentration of NaCl. Anodic passivation by the addition of Na2CO3 or perhaps inhibition may be considered as candidate protective measures. 相似文献
105.
106.
Process optimisation and optimal control of batch and continuous drum granulation processes are studied in this paper. The main focus of the current research has been: (i) construction of optimisation and control relevant, population balance models through the incorporation of moisture content, drum rotation rate and bed depth into the coalescence kernels; (ii) investigation of optimal operational conditions using constrained optimisation techniques; (iii) development of optimal control algorithms based on discretized population balance equations; and (iv) comprehensive simulation studies on optimal control of both batch and continuous granulation processes. The objective of steady state optimisation is to minimise the recycle rate with minimum cost for continuous processes. It has been identified that the drum rotation-rate, bed depth (material charge), and moisture content of solids are practical decision (design) parameters for system optimisation. The objective for the optimal control of batch granulation processes is to maximize the mass of product-sized particles with minimum time and binder consumption. The objective for the optimal control of the continuous process is to drive the process from one steady state to another in a minimum time with minimum binder consumption, which is also known as the state-driving problem. It has been known for some time that the binder spray-rate is the most effective control (manipulative) variable. Although other possible manipulative variables, such as feed flow-rate and additional powder flow-rate have been investigated in the complete research project, only the single input problem with the binder spray rate as the manipulative variable is addressed in the paper to demonstrate the methodology. It can be shown from simulation results that the proposed models are suitable for control and optimisation studies, and the optimisation algorithms connected with either steady state or dynamic models are successful for the determination of optimal operational conditions and dynamic trajectories with good convergence properties. 相似文献
107.
葛翔 《石油化工安全环保技术》2006,22(4):37-38,43
阐述了现场总线技术的含义、主要特点和优点,对比了现场总线控制系统与DCS系统的区别,介绍了现场总线技术在洛阳石化分公司热电站的典型应用及其发展前景。 相似文献
108.
Graft copolymers of sodium alginate (NaAlg) with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone were prepared using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The graft copolymers (NaAlg‐g‐PVP) were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Polymeric hydrogel beads of NaAlg and NaAlg‐g‐PVP were prepared by crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinker in the hydrochloric acid catalyst (HCl) and these beads were used to deliver anti‐inflammatory drug, indomethacin (IM). Chemical stability of the IM after encapsulation into beads was confirmed by FTIR. Preparation conditions of the NaAlg‐g‐PVP beads were optimized by considering the percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, swelling capacity and their release data. In vitro release studies were performed in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for the initial 2 h, followed by simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) for 4 h. Effects of GA concentration, exposure time to GA, drug/polymer (d/p) ratio, and concentration of HCl on the release of IM were discussed. It was observed that IM release from the beads decreased with increasing GA concentration and exposure time. IM release also decreases with increasing d/p ratio and HCl concentration. The highest IM release was obtained to be 77% for beads crosslinked with 0.027M GA. Swelling experiments were also performed to compute molecular mass between crosslinks of the beads. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
109.
Feng‐Ge Wu Fu‐Chun Sun Ke Yu Chang‐Wen Zheng 《International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking》2005,23(6):359-371
How to evaluate the performance of satellite networks is a prerequisite to the construction of satellite networks, and is also one of challenges in the researches on satellite networks. In this paper, generalized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) models are presented to carry out the performance analysis of a double‐layered satellite network. Firstly, the GSPN model of a double‐layered satellite network is simplified by proper analysis. Then, two sets of experiments are conducted to analyse the performance of the satellite networks, and show that the double‐layered satellite network outperforms single‐layered ones on the heavy traffic load. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by simulation experiments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.