以褐煤为原料的无灰煤制备工艺研究

以褐煤为原料研究无灰煤的制备工艺,考察了反应温度、溶剂种类、反应时间和固液比对萃取率和无灰煤灰分的影响.实验结果表明,以NMP为溶剂,反应温度360℃,反应时间1h,固液比4g∶200mL的条件下,萃取率可以达到48.8%,无灰煤的灰分为0.54%.通过红外光谱分析发现,反应过程发生非共价键断裂与氢键缔合,使得无灰煤性质优于褐煤性质,黏结性指数G值达到95.61.     

合成气一步合成乙二醇热力学分析研究

对合成气一步直接合成乙二醇反应过程进行了反应焓变、Gibbs自由能和平衡常数的计算。通过计算,定量分析了温度对平衡常数的影响,得到在大于354.7K时,Gibbs自由能大于零,反应进行较困难;低温高压有利于反应。本文的研究结果为深入研究开发该反应工艺提供了理论依据。     

扩散理论与盘式连续干燥器

盘式连续干燥器是一种新颖、高效、节能的传导型干燥设备，它操作弹性大，性能良好，运转可靠，目前已广泛应用于工农业生产中。本文简要介绍了盘式连续干燥器的结构及工作原理，然后将Ｅ．Ｕ．Ｓｃｈｌｕｎｄｅｒ和Ｎ．Ｍｏｌｌｅｋｏｐｆ针对间歇式搅抖物料传导干燥提出的“扩散理论”应用于盘式连续干燥的干燥过程，给出干燥速率及料层温度的计算公式和计算程序。     

活化温度对无灰煤基活性炭结构及性能的影响

以无灰煤(HPC)为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用直接活化法制备无灰煤基活性炭(HAC),并在不同活化温度下探究HAC孔结构的衍化规律。结果表明:活化温度较低时,活化过程表现为无规则碳的烧失,同时微晶单元参与反应,片层明显减小,主要形成0.5 nm以下的微孔,以开孔作用为主。随活化温度的升高,KOH刻蚀微晶结构加剧,以扩孔作用为主,孔径大于0.5 nm的孔居多,同时发展超微孔和中孔。将HAC作为电极材料应用于水系双电层电容器(EDLC)时,其显示出优异的电化学性能,在电流密度为50 mA/g时的比电容达258.2 F/g,在电流密度为5000 mA/g时的比电容保持率在80%以上。研究还发现,EDLC的比电容随HAC电极中0.5 nm^1.5 nm微孔的增加而增大。     

戊二酸在冰醋酸和环己酮、环己醇及五种混合溶剂中的溶解度的测定

By using the laser-monitoring technique, solid-liquid equilibrium data of glutaric acid in cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, their five mixed solvents and acetic acid were measured within the temperature range from 292.15K to 354.60K by dynamic method. Empirical formula and λh equation were used to correlate the solubilities of glutaric acid in eight solvents. The maximal average relative deviations were 1.15% and 2.20% by using the empirical formula and λh equation to correlate the solubility data. The results showed that the empirical formula and λh model could correlate the solubility data of glutaric acid in eight solvents. In addition, the solubility data of glutaric acid in five mixtures （cyclohexanone＋cyclohexanol） could be predicted with the NRTL equation utilizing the parameters of the binary systems. The total average relative deviation was 3.60%. The results indicate that the NRTL equation could well predict the solubilities of glutaric acid in the mixed solvents of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol.     

高温质子导体BaZr0.45Ce0.45Gd0.1O3-δ的制备及性能

利用高温固相反应法制备高温质子导体BaZr0.45Ce0.45Gd0.1O3-δ.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和交流阻抗谱法对不同烧结温度试样的相组成、微观形貌和导电性能进行表征,并测试试样在沸水和CO2气氛中的化学稳定性.结果表明1 600 ℃烧结的试样为纯相且致密;此温度下制备的试样具有最高的电导率,800 ℃时其电导率达到0.82×10-2 S/cm,电导活化能为0.74 eV;样品对CO2表现出良好的化学稳定性,而在沸水中其稳定性稍差.     

超临界水降解聚苯乙烯及其混合塑料

对聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚苯乙烯(PS)与聚丙烯(PP)的混合塑料进行了超临界水降解实验。考察了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对降解反应的影响,确定了适宜的超临界水降解PS及PS／PP混合塑料的反应条件。实验结果显示,超临界水可将PS及PS／PP混合塑料降解为液态油状物。PS可在380℃、1h内完全降解;PS／PP(质量比7／3)可在390℃、1h内完全降解。提高反应温度或延长反应时间均可促进降解反应竹发生。     

Chemical stability of doped BaCeO3-BaZrO3 solid solutions in different atmospheres

BaCe0.45Zr0.45M0.1O3-δ （M=Y, In） and BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-δ were prepared through the conventional solid state reaction route. The chemical stability was investigated in hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and boiling water. Crystalline phase and microsa-ucture of the proton conductor before and after stability test were measured with X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The results showed that all materials were quite stable in H2 atmosphere. In CO2 atmosphere, BaCe0.45Zr0.45M0.1O3-δ（M=Y, In） were relatively stable, while Bafe0.9Y0.1O3-δ decomposed. In boiling water, BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-δ was quickly decomposed into Ba（OH）2 and corresponding oxide. BaCe0.45Zr0.45M0.1O3-δ slightly reacted with boiling water and some amorphous phases were formed. However, BaCe0.45Zr0.45In0.1O3-δ was observed to exhibit better stability than BaCe0.45Zr0.45Y0.1O3-δ in water. The experimental results were interpreted in terms of thermodynamic data and tolerance factor.     

酯化法合成戊二酸乙酯

以戊二酸和无水乙醇为原料，硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成戊二酸二乙酯，考察了影响收率的各种因素，确定了最佳反应条件为：戊二酸用量0．1mol时，无水乙醇与戊二酸的物质的量比为6．0，2．0g催化剂，25mL环乙烷作带水剂，反应时间1．5h，收率达79．1％，结果表明，硫酸氢钠是合成戊二酸二乙酯的优良催化剂。     

超级电容器活性炭电极材料改性技术研究进展

为解决活性炭电极在实际应用中存在的比电容小、能量密度低的问题,可采取对活性炭进行二次改性的方法优化其结构,确保其在工作过程中能较好地进行充放电。本文综述了活性炭孔径结构调整和表面改性的常见方法和最新的研究成果,并对活性炭改性技术发展趋势进行了展望。