Implementation of QA and QC standards in radiology in Slovakia

The Slovak government organizes the radiation protection policy through its regulatory authorities within the Ministry of Health, on a central level. The health protection regulations are compatible with international standards and recommendations of the ICRP and the EC. The general requirements on quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) (acceptance, constancy and routine tests), the guidance levels for various types of radiological examinations and the instructions for optimisation procedures are supported by Slovak technical standards, compatible with European standards. But the QA/QC process, as well as the training of the staff, needs improvement. The Slovak Medical University participates in the QA implementation through organising and managing national audits for control of the QA programme. In this paper, we present results of patient dose measurement studies carried out in the Slovak Republic, in the framework of activities of the Slovak Commission of QA established by the Slovak Ministry of Health.     

Secondary organic aerosol formation by irradiation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene-NOx-H2O in a new reaction chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics

A new environmental reaction smog chamber was built to simulate particle formation and growth similar to that expected in the atmosphere. The organic material is formed from nucleation of photooxidized organic compounds. The chamber is a 27 m3 fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) bag suspended in a temperature-controlled enclosure. Four xenon arc lamps (16 kW total) are used to irradiate primary gas components for experiments lasting up to 24 h. Experiments using irradiations of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene-NOx-H2O at similar input concentrations without seed particles were used to determine particle number and volume concentration wall loss rates of 0.209+/-0.018 and 0.139+/-0.070 h(-1), respectively. The particle formation was compared with and without propene.     

A low temperature scanning tunneling microscope for electronic and force spectroscopy

In this article, we describe and test a novel way to extend a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope with the capability to measure forces. The tuning fork that we use for this is optimized to have a high quality factor and frequency resolution. Moreover, as this technique is fully compatible with the use of bulk tips, it is possible to combine the force measurements with the use of superconductive or magnetic tips, advantageous for electronic spectroscopy. It also allows us to calibrate both the amplitude and the spring constant of the tuning fork easily, in situ and with high precision.     

阿德莱德市北台地期重建工程

北台地一期重建工程是25年来南澳地区最大规模的城市公共场所改造项目。北台地既是南澳首要的文化娱乐中心．也是菜特上校提出的著名的“阿德莱德规划”的重点部分。[第一段]     

Mapping the spatial distribution of charge carriers in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures

At the interface between complex insulating oxides, novel phases with interesting properties may occur, such as the metallic state reported in the LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) system . Although this state has been predicted and reported to be confined at the interface, some studies indicate a much broader spatial extension, thereby questioning its origin. Here, we provide for the first time a direct determination of the carrier density profile of this system through resistance profile mappings collected in cross-section LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) samples with a conducting-tip atomic force microscope (CT-AFM). We find that, depending on specific growth protocols, the spatial extension of the high-mobility electron gas can be varied from hundreds of micrometres into SrTiO(3) to a few nanometres next to the LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) interface. Our results emphasize the potential of CT-AFM as a novel tool to characterize complex oxide interfaces and provide us with a definitive and conclusive way to reconcile the body of experimental data in this system.     

Zeolite A imidazolate frameworks

Faujasite (FAU) and zeolite A (LTA) are technologically important porous zeolites (aluminosilicates) because of their extensive use in petroleum cracking and water softening. Introducing organic units and transition metals into the backbone of these types of zeolite allows us to expand their pore structures, enhance their functionality and access new applications. The invention of metal-organic frameworks and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) has provided materials based on simple zeolite structures where only one type of cage is present. However, so far, no metal-organic analogues based on FAU or LTA topologies exist owing to the difficulty imposed by the presence of two types of large cage (super- and beta-cages for FAU, alpha- and beta-cages for LTA). Here, we have identified a strategy to produce an LTA imidazolate framework in which both the link geometry and link-link interactions play a decisive structure-directing role. We describe the synthesis and crystal structures of three porous ZIFs that are expanded analogues of zeolite A; their cage walls are functionalized, and their metal ions can be changed without changing the underlying LTA topology. Hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and argon gas adsorption isotherms are reported and the selectivity of this material for carbon dioxide over methane is demonstrated.     

“天府牌”石蜡系列形成

四川南充炼油化工总厂及时掌握信息 ,强化产品科技攻关 ,使该厂的“天府牌”石蜡质量升级、种类形成系列 ,并畅销国内外市场。南充炼油化工总厂针对市场需要更高质量、更多种类石蜡的趋势 ,大力加强产品结构调整、设备改造和工艺技术更新 ,在提高产品的色泽和光泽等方面取得了成效 ,并实现“天府牌”石蜡产品种类系列化 ,除了满足国内市场的需求外 ,还销往越南、泰国等东南亚国家 ,倍受客户欢迎。平均每月出口石蜡 70ｔ以上 ,成为创汇的主力产品。“天府牌”石蜡系列形成$四川石油管理局井下作业处@吴月先     

中老签署钾盐合作原则协议

老挝万象盆地蕴藏着丰富的钾盐资源。1996年,原地质矿产部与老挝手工业部签署了合作勘查开发万象地区钾盐备忘录。4年来中方进行了大量的前期工作。近日中老双方又签署了《中老两国合作开发老挝万象地区钾盐的原则协议》。 国家发展计划委员会批准进行老挝钾盐开发前期工作,明确由云南地矿勘查工程总公司负责实施。 老挝万象钾盐开发项目以建设年产100万t或更大规模氯化钾企业为目标,按照"总体规划分步实施、滚动发展"的原则,分步实施。 第一步：进行开发前期的可行性研究,用两年时间完成万象地区钾盐资源地质勘查,同时建设1万t/a规模的氯化钾工业试验厂,为大规模开发提供资源保证和工艺技术。在此基础上作出100万t/a氯化钾项目的技术经济可行性评价。本阶段预计投资人民币7000万元。 第二步：按年产20万t为基本单元,滚动发展,建设年产100万t氯化钾生产企业,预计总投资20亿元人民币。 (郑春才) 青海将重构以钾肥为中心的化工体系 在西部大开发中,青海省提出要强化在钾盐方面独一无二的资源优势和产业优势,大力发展以钾肥为龙头的特色化工,建设全国重要的钾肥生产基地,重构青海以钾肥为中心的化工体系。 为此,青海省在编制"十五"规划和2000年上半年制订省内综合开发规划项目中,盐湖资源和天然气资源开发系列项目占重头戏。其中省计委提出的全省32个资源开发工业前期项目中,盐湖资源综合开发和天然气化工利用方面就有5万t/a金属镁、15万t/a聚氯乙烯、30万t/a大颗粒尿素、2万t/a氢氧化钾、8kt/a甲烷氯化物、40万t/a纯碱和5万t/a氯酸盐,以及省会西宁天然气化工利用等项目;近期综合开发11个项目中,安排了察尔汗盐湖30万t/a氯化钾高科技产业化示范项目、察尔汗盐湖70万t/a氯化钾项目、察尔汗盐湖10万t/a硫酸钾和马海10万t/a氯化钾等6个钾肥项目,总投资55亿元。其中30万t/a和70万t/a氯化钾项目由盐湖集团承担业主,2003年建成后盐湖集团一家的氯化钾产量就将达到160万t。 青海柴达木盆地内面积在1km2以上的现代盐湖有70多个,其中大型盐湖6个,地表含盐面积达1.56万km2。这些盐湖中以钾、钠、镁、锂、硼5大类为主体的盐类资源总量高达3000多亿t,其中钾、镁、锂储量各占全国的97%、100%和94%。在70多个盐湖中,尤以面积达5856km2的察尔汗盐湖最大,钾、镁、钠、锂储量分别为1.5亿t、10.5亿t、4265亿t和842万t。察尔汗盐湖也是迄今国内最大的进行钾资源开发的钾资源地,在这里,国内最大的钾肥生产基地青海盐湖工业集团有限公司,已经历了40多年的发展,形成了现有60万t/a装置能力和与世界先进水平接轨的钾肥生产工艺技术及先进的采矿工艺。盐湖集团现正在加紧实施100t/a钾肥项目。 (付浩) 云南磷复肥工业重点确定 云南高浓度磷复肥的发展重点将放在云南磷复肥基地的建设上,产品方案除了磷酸二铵、磷酸一铵、重钙、三元复合肥以外,还包括农用商品湿法磷酸。 根据云南磷资源、煤、电能源、交通和现有磷化工的基础及技术管理条件,云南磷复肥基地布局主要由三个区域构成,即"一大二中"的基地建设。"一大"是以云南磷肥厂、云南磷化学工业（集团）公司、云南磷肥工业有限公司为主的昆明地区,这是磷复肥基地的核心;"二中"是以云峰化学工业公司为主的滇东北地区;以红河磷肥厂为主的滇南地区。这三个地区现有磷矿开采能力510万t/a;高浓度磷复肥生产能力为186万t/a,其中重钙60万t/a、磷酸二铵104万t/a、磷酸一铵12万t/a,三元复合肥10万t/a。最终发展目标可望达到磷矿开采能力1200万t/a,磷复肥400万t/a,其中90％左右为磷铵（以磷酸二铵为主）、三元复合肥、农用商品湿法磷酸。在昆明地区磷矿产区就地年消耗磷矿石500万t左右,生产高浓度磷复肥70万tP2O5,农用商品湿法磷酸50万tP2O5。