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31.
Chloride doped polyaniline conducting polymer films have been prepared in a protic acid medium (HCl) by potentiodynamic method
in an electrochemical cell and studied by cyclic voltammetry and FTIR techniques. The FTIR spectra confirmed Cl- ion doping in the polymers. The polymerization rate was found to increase with increasing concentration of aniline monomer.
But the films obtained at high monomer concentration were rough having a nonuniform flaky polyaniline distribution. Results
showed that the polymerization rate did not increase beyond a critical HCl concentration. Cyclic voltammetry suggested that,
the oxidation-reduction current increased with an increase in scan rate and that the undoped polyaniline films were not hygroscopic
whereas chloride doped polyaniline films were found to be highly hygroscopic. 相似文献
32.
The objective of this study was to compare methane production and characteristics of digested material in anaerobic digestion concepts according to the Animal By-Products Regulation (ABP-Regulation) of the EC (hygienisation of biowaste for 1 hour at 70 degrees C, particle size < 12 mm) and Finnish national regulations (treatment temperature 55 degrees C, feeding interval 24 h, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 20 d, particle size < 40 mm) and with small variations in treatment methods for treating manure and biowaste. Moreover, the survival of three different salmonella bacteria in these processes was studied. Hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion at 35 degrees C enhanced methane production by 14-18% compared to similar treatment without hygienisation. The differences in treatment temperature, HRT and hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion did not significantly affect the characteristics of digested material. The concepts according to the ABP-Regulation and Finnish national regulations were effective in destroying salmonella bacteria to an undetectable level. 相似文献
33.
Y Terashima H Ozaki R R Giri T Tano S Nakatsuji R Takanami S Taniguchi 《Water science and technology》2006,54(8):55-63
Environmental pollution by low concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a concern these days due to ever increasingly stringent regulations. Photocatalysis with immobilized TiO2 fiber is a promising oxidation method. Laboratory experiments on photocatalytic degradation of 0.045 mmol l(-1) 2,4-D with the world's first high-strength TiO2 fiber catalyst were carried out in a continuous flow reactor in which the degradations were, in general, similar to those with high 2,4-D concentrations investigated elsewhere. Degradation and mineralization of 2,4-D were significantly enhanced with no initial pH adjustments. The rate constants for total organic carbon (TOC) without pH adjustment were about two-fold bigger than the pH adjustment cases. CO2 gas measurement and carbon mass-balance were carried out for the first time, where about 34% organic carbon converted into CO2 gas during four-hour oxidation. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), phenol, benzyl alcohol and two unknowns (RT = 2.65 and 3.78 min.) were detected as aromatic intermediates while Phenol was the new aromatic in HPLC analysis. Dechlorination efficiencies were high (> 70%) in all the cases, and more than 90% efficiencies were observed in chloride mass balance. Bigger flow rates and solution temperature fixed at 20 degrees C without pH adjustment greatly enhanced 2,4-D mineralization. These results can be an important basis in applying the treatment method for dioxin-contaminated water and wastewater. 相似文献
34.
35.
Quasi-static stress fields for a crack inclined to the property gradation in functionally graded materials 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary. Quasi-static stress fields for a crack inclined to the direction of property gradation in functionally graded materials (FGMs)
are obtained through an asymptotic analysis coupled with Westergaard's stress function approach. The elastic modulus of the
FGM is assumed to vary exponentially along the gradation direction. The mode mixity due to the inclination of the property
gradient is accommodated in the analysis through superposition of opening and shear modes. The first four terms in the expansion
of the stress field are derived to explicitly bring out the influence of nonhomogeneity on the structure of the stress field.
Using these stress field contours of constant maximum shear stress, constant maximum principal stress, constant first stress
invariant and constant out of plane displacement are generated, and the effect of inclination of the property gradation direction
on these contours is discussed.
Received September 22, 2002
Published online: May 20, 2003
The financial support of National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant no. CMS 99000138 is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
36.
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38.
V. N. Tsygankov V. V. Safonov A. I. Kozlov V. P. Gavrilov 《Inorganic Materials》2003,39(10):1076-1078
The GeO2–NiO system is studied in the stability range of Ni2GeO4 by temperature-dependent resistivity measurements, in combination with x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetry. The resistivity of the starting mixtures and heat-treated samples is measured in the composition range 55–90 mol % NiO. The effect of air humidity on the resistivity of the samples is examined. 相似文献
39.
A cell vertex finite volume method for the solution of steady compressible turbulent flow problems on unstructured hybrid
meshes of tetrahedra, prisms, pyramids and hexahedra is described. These hybrid meshes are constructed by firstly discretising
the computational domain using tetrahedral elements and then by merging certain tetrahedra. A one equation turbulence model
is employed and the solution of the steady flow equations is obtained by explicit relaxation. The solution process is accelerated
by the addition of a multigrid method, in which the coarse meshes are generated by agglomeration, and by parallelisation.
The approach is shown to be effective for the simulation of a number of 3D flows of current practical interest.
Sponsored by The Research Council of Norway, project number 125676/410
Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Mike Crisfield, a respected colleague 相似文献
40.
The catalytic activities of alumina prepared from an Al alkoxide-amine adduct monomer for the reaction of cyclopentene oxide with piperidine was determined after various pretreatments, including calcination and exposure to moisture. They were compared with the activity of alumina prepared by the conventional hydrolysis method. It was found that the as-prepared sample from the alkoxide-amine monomer preparation was five times more active than a conventional preparation, suggesting that it has a higher density of surface Lewis acid sites. However, its activity was much more severely suppressed by exposure to moisture. 相似文献