Effect of the Distribution of Manganese Ions on the Properties of Mn-Doped (Ba,Y)TiO3 PTCR Ceramics

The electrical properties and microstructure of (Ba,Y)TiO₃ PTCR ceramics were studied. The results indicate that the Mn ions increase the intergranular barrier height and produce a high-resistance layer on the grain surface. The temperature-dependent resistances of the grain bulk, surface layer, and grain boundaries, the temperature coefficient of resistance, and the magnitude of the varistor effect were assessed as a function of Mn content.     

On trading wavelengths with fibers: a cost-performance based study

We consider the effect of multiple fibers on wavelength division multiplexing networks without wavelength conversion. We study networks with dynamic wavelength routing and develop accurate analytical models to compare various possible options using single- and multiple-fiber networks. We use results of an analytical model and simulation-based studies to evaluate the blocking performance and cost of multifiber networks. The number of fibers required providing high performance in multifiber networks and their costs are compared. A case is made for using multiple fibers in each link with fewer wavelengths instead of using a single fiber with many wavelengths. In particular, we show that a network with four fibers per link and with four wavelengths on each fiber without any wavelength conversion on any node yields similar same performance as the networks with one fiber per link and 16 wavelengths per fiber on each link and with full wavelength conversion capability on all nodes. In addition, the multifiber network may also offer the cost advantage depending on the relative cost of components. We develop a parametric cost model to show that multiple fibers in each link are an attractive option. Finally, such multifiber networks also has fault tolerance, with respect to a single fiber failure, already built into the system.     

Science in High Magnetic Fields: What Could Be Learned?

High magnetic fields are one of the most powerful tools available to scientists for the study, modification and control of matter. This includes the knowledge on correlations effects, interaction mechanisms, structural information and understanding of mesoscopic effects. In this context, a review of recent scientific achievements at the Grenoble High Magnetic Laboratory is given to illustrate, on specific examples, the power of the Magnetic Field probe.     

Nonstationary Simulation Model of Absorber with Falling Film of Suspension

A nonstationary model of SO₂ absorption from a gas phase to a countercurrent falling film of absorbing slurry was developed. Laminar, wavy and turbulent film structures were considered based on published information. Resistances to the mass transfer on the gas and the liquid sides of the interphase were considered, together with chemical reactions in the liquid phase. Relevant chemical equilibria in the liquid phase were modeled. Original experimental data on the neutralization reagent dissolution rate presented as a polydispersed two‐phase system of solids and on the rate of dissolved sulfite oxidation were used. The model was verified with experimental data from a laboratory‐scale falling‐film absorber using a single vertical tube under various geometrical and operating conditions, and a very good agreement was found with the experiment. Parametric sensitivity analysis showed the critical parts of the model.     

Structural Changes Induced in Nonstoichiometric Titanium Carbide by High-Temperature Deformation

The microstructure evolution in nonstoichiometric titanium carbide is studied during high-temperature deformation at high strain rates and low strains (shock compression) and at slow strain rates and high strains (superplastic regime). The results demonstrate that high-temperature deformation in a broad range of strain rates offers a means of controlling the microstructure of titanium carbide. By varying deformation conditions, one can obtain materials differing in microstructure and chemical composition, in particular, with equilibrium and nonequilibrium microstructures. Accordingly, the physicochemical properties of such materials also differ.     

Characteristic Features of the Optimal Processing of the Results of Measurements in the Case of a Random Observation Function

An analysis is made of the characteristic features and problems of the optimal processing of the results of measurements in the case of a random observation function utilizing a nonlinear Kalman filter. A method is proposed for increasing the convergence domain of the filter with additional processing of measurements in the frequency domain.     

Influence of device engineering on the analog and RF performances of SOI MOSFETs

This work presents a systematic comparative study of the influence of various process options on the analog and RF properties of fully depleted (FD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI), partially depleted (PD) SOI, and bulk MOSFET's with gate lengths down to 0.08 /spl mu/m. We introduce the transconductance-over-drain current ratio and Early voltage as key figures of merits for the analog MOS performance and the gain and the transition and maximum frequencies for RF performances and link them to device engineering. Specifically, we investigate the effects of HALO implantation in FD, PD, and bulk devices, of film thickness in FD, of substrate doping in SOI, and of nonstandard channel engineering (i.e., asymmetric Graded-channel MOSFETs and gate-body contacted DTMOS).     

On the physical and logical topology design of large-scale optical networks

We consider the problem of designing a network of optical cross-connects (OXCs) to provide end-to-end lightpath services to large numbers of label switched routers (LSRs). We present a set of heuristic algorithms to address the combined problem of physical topology design (i.e., determine the number of OXCs required and the fiber links among them) and logical topology design (i.e., determine the routing and wavelength assignment for the lightpaths among the LSRs). Unlike previous studies which were limited to small topologies with a handful of nodes and a few tens of lightpaths, we have applied our algorithms to networks with hundreds or thousands of LSRs and with a number of lightpaths that is an order of magnitude larger than the number of LSRs. In order to characterize the performance of our algorithms, we have developed lower bounds which can be computed efficiently. We present numerical results for up to 1000 LSRs and for a wide range of system parameters such as the number of wavelengths per fiber, the number of transceivers per LSR, and the number of ports per OXC. The results indicate that it is possible to build large-scale optical networks with rich connectivity in a cost-effective manner, using relatively few but properly dimensioned OXCs.     

河床变形对水电站动力设备工作条件的影响

水电站运行过程中河床变形会使河底高程逐渐降低。从而导致下游流量特性曲线下降以及水电站水头增大。水头增大使水电站气蚀特性发生变化，导致动力设备的正常工作条件受到破坏。并对其运行安全性和效率造成不利影响。以卡马河的沃特金水电站为例，阐述了河床变形对水电站动力设备工作条件的影响。     

High-performance MIM capacitor using ALD high-k HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate dielectrics

For the first time, we successfully fabricated and demonstrated high performance metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors with HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate dielectric using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. Our data indicates that the laminate MIM capacitor can provide high capacitance density of 12.8 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/ from 10 kHz up to 20 GHz, very low leakage current of 3.2 /spl times/ 10/sup -8/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 3.3 V, small linear voltage coefficient of capacitance of 240 ppm/V together with quadratic one of 1830 ppm/V/sup 2/, temperature coefficient of capacitance of 182 ppm//spl deg/C, and high breakdown field of /spl sim/6 MV/cm as well as promising reliability. As a result, the HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate is a very promising candidate for next generation MIM capacitor for radio frequency and mixed signal integrated circuit applications.