Enzyme Processing of Soy Flour with Minimized Protein Loss

The enzymatic treatment of defatted soy flour (SF) to reduce indigestible carbohydrates can result in undesirable protein loss. Here protein loss was minimized with quantitation of the effects of ionic strength (IS), protease activity, and SF toasting. At the enzyme processing condition (25% w/v SF, 50 °C, pH 4.8, 48 hours), protein loss increased linearly with the IS in enzyme broths (EB); e.g., contacting untoasted SF with water or heat-deactivated EB showed protein loss of 28% in water but up to 40% when IS was increased in the range of 0.04–0.19 M. Protein loss also increased with protease in EB (nondeactivated): after adjusted for IS-related loss, approximately 10% and 25% additional protein loss occurred in EB of 73 and 490–557 U/(g SF) protease, respectively. SDS-PAGE results showed that proteolysis was not extensive, mainly on β-conglycinin α'/α and glycinin acidic 37-kDa subunits; and most of the proteolytic products could be recovered by heat-induced precipitation. SF toasting effects were studied, particularly at 2-hours 160°C, with material balances, protein distributions, and monosaccharide yields in hydrolysates. Overall, protein loss was minimized to 5.2% and the conversion of carbohydrate to monomeric sugars increased to 89.2%.     

Investigation of structural,optical, electrical,and magnetic properties of Fe-doped La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganites

In this work, the physical properties of nanocrystalline samples of La_0.7Sr_0.3Mn_1−xFe_xO₃ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) perovskite manganites synthesized by the reverse micelle (RM) technique were explored in detail. The phase purity, crystal structure, and crystallite size of the samples were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All the samples had rhombohedral crystal structure and crystallite size increased with increase in Fe content in La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃. The scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) exhibited smooth surface morphology and nonuniform shape of the particles. The optical properties studied using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the absorbance and optical band gap with an increase in Fe content in La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ compound. The temperature-dependent resistivity measurements revealed semiconducting nature of x = 0 and 0.1 samples up to the studied temperature range, while a metal-to-insulator transition was observed at higher Fe doping. Magnetic studies revealed weak ferromagnetism in all the samples and a reduction in the maximum magnetization with an increase in Fe content. A close correlation between electrical transport and magnetic properties was observed with the doping of Fe ion in La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ at Mn site. These results advocate strong interactions associated with the double exchange mechanism among Fe³⁺ and Mn³⁺ ions.     

Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Metal-Organic Frameworks for Anticancer Therapy

Confinement of Au nanoparticles (NPs) within the porous materials with few nanometers (2-3 nm) has been a well established research area in the past decades in heterogeneous catalysis mainly due to the unique behaviour of Au NPs than its bulk counterpart. In this aspect, Au NPs encapsulated within the pore volumes of metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) have been intensively explored as heterogeneous solid catalysts for wide range of reactions. In recent years, Au NPs confined within the porous MOFs along with the photosensitizer or drug have been effectively used for the treatment of tumor cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species via cascade reactions. This work highlights the benefits of MOFs pores in the preparation of nanomedicine with high efficiency by assembling Au NPs, photosensitizer/drug with the combination of laser either for imaging or treatment of tumor cells. Further, the existing literature is grouped based on the nature of porous materials employed in the preparation of nanomedicine. The final section comments on our view on future developments in the field.     

Optimization of Enzymatic Process Condition for Protein Enrichment,Sugar Recovery and Digestibility Improvement of Soy Flour

Soy protein is a valuable nutritional supplement for food and animal feed. While protein constitutes ~50 % of defatted soy flour (SF), it coexists with complex carbohydrates (30–35 %) which may have anti‐nutritional effects. An enzymatic process can remove the carbohydrate and produce protein‐enriched soy products. The hydrolysate with monomerized carbohydrates is valuable fermentation feedstock. In this study, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei enzymes were compared for use in the process. Effects of pH (3.2–6.4), temperature (40–60 °C), enzyme‐to‐SF ratio (0–2 ml/g) and SF loading (150–350 g/l) were evaluated for the enzymatic conversion of SF carbohydrate to reducing sugar (Y_RS) and total soluble carbohydrate (Y_TC) in the hydrolysate. Effects of these single factors and interactions between factors were investigated. Optimal pH and temperature were similar for both enzymes: pH 4.8 and 50–51 °C for Y_TC, and pH 5.1–5.2 and 48–51 °C for Y_RS. The two enzymes also gave similar protein contents in resultant soy protein concentrates, i.e., 74–75 % with 2 ml/g enzyme broth and 150 g/l SF, which were higher than the 64–68 % protein in commercial concentrates. A. niger enzyme was significantly more effective in carbohydrate conversion, achieving Y_RS = 75 % and Y_TC = 78 % with 2 ml/g enzyme and 150 g/l SF, higher than the Y_RS (30 %) and Y_TC (64 %) obtained with T. reesei enzyme. Monomerization was essentially complete in hydrolysate produced with A. niger enzyme.     

Correct Prediction of the Vibration Behavior of a High Power Ultrasonic Transducer by FEM Simulation

This paper presents a study on three types of finite element analyses of high power ultrasonic transducer by using the finite element commercial software called ANSYS. The transducer geometry was treated as a 2D axi- symmetric model, 3D quart and full 3D model. For all of the simulations the modeled transducer was used in modal analysis and harmonic solutions to understand its mechanical behavior and its natural frequency. A comparison was made between each type of modeling and experimental results. This comparison allows the parameters of FEM models to be iteratively adjusted and optimized and also leads to selection of the best modeling type. The achieved FEM results exhibited a remarkably high predictive potential of ANSYS in modeling and simulation and allowed control on the design and on the vibration behavior of the high power ultrasonic transducer.     

Drying Kinetics,Texture, Color,and Determination of Effective Diffusivities During Sun Drying of Chempedak

Sun drying of chempedak (Artocarpus integer) was carried out on different sample sizes to investigate the effects on product quality. Fick's second law model was used to determine the effective diffusivities of sun–dried chempedak slabs based on the drying rate versus moisture content plots. In addition, texture degradation and total color changes were investigated. The texture and color changes of dried chempedak were relatively significant (p < 0.05) compared to fresh chempedak. There was an increase in dried fruit hardness and chewiness but a decrease in springiness and cohesiveness during drying.     

The effect of magnetic and optic field in water electrolysis

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis was studied under the effect of magnetic and optical field. A diode solid state laser at blue, green and red were utilized as optical field source. Magnetic bar was employed as external magnetic field. The green laser has shown a greatest effect in hydrogen production due to its non-absorbance properties in the water. Thus its intensity of electrical field is high enough to dissociation of hydronium and hydroxide ions during orientation toward polarization of water. The potential to break the autoprotolysis and generate the auto-ionization is the mechanism of optical field to reveal the hydrogen production in water electrolysis. The magnetic field effect is more dominant to enhance the hydrogen production. The diamagnetic property of water has repelled the present of magnetic in water. Consequently the water splitting occurs due to the repulsive force induced by the external magnetic field. The magnetic distributed more homogenous in the water to involve more density of water molecule. As a result hydrogen production due to magnetic field is higher in comparison to optical field. However the combination both fields have generated superior effect whereby the hydrogen yields nine times higher in comparison to conventional water electrolysis.     

Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent fire-retardant coating

This research aims to study the effect of ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite on the intumescent coating formulations (ICF). The coating presented in this research article is based on carbon source expandable graphite (EG), blowing agent melamine, acid source ammonium polyphosphate (APP), epoxy resin as a binder with polyamide amine. The stability of the developed coating was verified at 950°C for 1-hour fire test. The results showed that the coating is stable and well bond with the steel substrate. The char was characterized by using FESEM, XRD, FTIR, DTA, TGA, XPS, Py-GCMS and Weathering Test. The morphology of the char was studied by SEM of the coating after furnace fire test. XRD and FTIR show the presence of graphite, borophosphate; boron oxide and sassolite in the residual char. TGA and DTG disclosed that EG improved the residual mass of coating. XPS analysis showed the char residue of IF5-APP-EG contains carbon and oxygen contents 47.50 and 40.70, respectively. Py-GCMS analysis described that the IF5-APP-EG released less gaseous compounds. The weathering test illustrated that's the char expansion of coatings samples was decreased due to the presence of a humid environment and UV light. The IF5-APP-EG showed the maximum char expansion, lower substrate temperature and high residual weight among the studied formulations.     

Remote robotic assembly guided by 3D models linking to a real robot

This paper presents a 3D model-driven remote robotic assembly system. It constructs 3D models at runtime to represent unknown geometries at the robot side, where a sequence of images from a calibrated camera in different poses is used. Guided by the 3D models over the Internet, a remote operator can manipulate a real robot instantly for remote assembly operations. Experimental results show that the system is feasible to meet industrial assembly requirements with an acceptable level of modelling quality and relatively short processing time. The system also enables programming-free robotic assembly where the real robot follows the human's assembly operations instantly.     

Hollow micro-mesoporous carbon polyhedra produced by selective removal of skeletal scaffolds

An approach has been demonstrated for fabricating hollow micro-mesoporous carbon polyhedra by selective removal of the skeletal scaffolds of polyurethane (PU) foam in monolithic mesostructured resin/PU composites. Hollow micro-mesoporous carbon polyhedra with an irregular shape molded from the cellular cavities of PU foam were synthesized by using phenolic resol as a precursor, triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 as a template, PU foam as a skeletal scaffold and triethyl phosphate as a reaction agent. By a reaction with triethyl phosphate, the PU foam in resin/PU composites can be degraded, simultaneously leading to the disassembly of the monolithic structure into separated polyhedral particles. The method can also be used for synthesizing hollow micro-mesoporous carbon–silica polyhedra, using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silica source. Moreover, after etching the silica away, hollow micro-mesoporous carbon polyhedra with an ordered hexagonal mesostructure (space group p6mm), large particle sizes of 65–500 μm, a large surface area of 1384 m² g^?1, a uniform pore size of 3.2 nm and a high pore volume of 1.15 cm³ g^?1 as well as a high mesoporosity of 81% can be obtained, which exhibits excellent adsorption performance toward methylene blue compared with the active carbon having a similar surface area.