Interconnect limits on gigascale integration (GSI) in the 21stcentury

Twenty-first century opportunities for GSI will be governed in part by a hierarchy of physical limits on interconnects whose levels are codified as fundamental, material, device, circuit, and system. Fundamental limits are derived from the basic axioms of electromagnetic, communication, and thermodynamic theories, which immutably restrict interconnect performance, energy dissipation, and noise reduction. At the material level, the conductor resistivity increases substantially in sub-50-nm technology due to scattering mechanisms that are controlled by quantum mechanical phenomena and structural/morphological effects. At the device and circuit level, interconnect scaling significantly increases interconnect crosstalk and latency. Reverse scaling of global interconnects causes inductance to influence on-chip interconnect transients such that even with ideal return paths, mutual inductance increases crosstalk by up to 60% over that predicted by conventional RC models. At the system level, the number of metal levels explodes for highly connected 2-D logic megacells that double in size every two years such that by 2014 the number is significantly larger than ITRS projections. This result emphasizes that changes in design, technology, and architecture are needed to cope with the onslaught of wiring demands. One potential solution is 3-D integration of transistors, which is expected to significantly improve interconnect performance. Increasing the number of active layers, including the use of separate layers for repeaters, and optimizing the wiring network, yields an improvement in interconnect performance of up to 145% at the 50-nm node     

Long‐term impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield,soil nutrients and biochemical parameters of tea

A field experiment was conducted with tea cultivar UPASI‐9 over a period of 9 years to evaluate the long‐term effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on yield, biochemical parameters, soil and leaf nutrient status. The yield increase was as high as 66% over the control for N application of 450 kg ha^?1 year^?1. Polyphenol and amino acid contents increased with increase in K application rate. Positive and significant correlation was found between nitrate reductase activity and the amino acid content of the tea shoots. While ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil was not affected by the application of fertilizer, ammonium acetate extractable K increased. The failure to apply fertilizer resulted in depletion of the organic matter status of the soil. Although increased rate of nitrogen application increased the overall yield of made tea (kg ha^?1 year^?1), the specific yield (kg kg^?1 N) declined. The soil tended to become acidic from frequent application of high doses of nitrogenous fertilizer. The leaf NK status was significantly influenced by the various treatments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

An experimental investigation of YBa2Cu3O7 films at millimeter-wave frequencies

We have measured the millimeter-wave (100 GHz) surface resistance of high-quality laserdeposited YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films on SrTiO₃ and LaA10₃ substrates. Due to finite film thickness, radiation losses are important in the normal state and in the superconducting state nearT _c. These effects are calculated andR _s characteristic of the ohmics losses in the film are extracted from the data. The surface resistanceR _s drops rapidly atT _c, and a detailed comparison with calculations which include finite mean free path effects suggests a gap which exceeds the weak coupling BCS limit.     

Vulnerabilities in Anonymous Credential Systems

We show the following:

(i) In existing anonymous credential revocation systems, the revocation authority can link the transactions of any user in a subset T of users in O(log|T|) fake failed sessions.

(ii) A concern about the DLREP-I anonymous credentials system described in [Stefan Brands: Rethinking public key infrastructure and Digital Certificates; The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, London England. ISBN 0-262-02491-8] and [Stefan Brands: A Technical Overview of Digital Credentials; February 2002 (was a white paper in credentica.com)].

Advances in Human Mitochondria-Based Therapies

Mitochondria are the key biological generators of eukaryotic cells, controlling the energy supply while providing many important biosynthetic intermediates. Mitochondria act as a dynamic, functionally and structurally interconnected network hub closely integrated with other cellular compartments via biomembrane systems, transmitting biological information by shuttling between cells and tissues. Defects and dysregulation of mitochondrial functions are critically involved in pathological mechanisms contributing to aging, cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and other severe human diseases. Mediating and rejuvenating the mitochondria may therefore be of significant benefit to prevent, reverse, and even treat such pathological conditions in patients. The goal of this review is to present the most advanced strategies using mitochondria to manage such disorders and to further explore innovative approaches in the field of human mitochondria-based therapies.     

A Series of Ferulic Acid Amides Reveals Unexpected Peroxiredoxin 1 Inhibitory Activity with in vivo Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects

Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiological feature in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ferulic acid is known for attenuating the insulin resistance and reducing the blood glucose in T2DM rats. In this work, we designed and synthesized a library of new ferulic acid amides (FAA), which could be considered as ring opening derivatives of the antidiabetic PPARγ agonists Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, since these compounds displayed weak PPAR transactivation capacity, we employed a proteomics approach to unravel their molecular target(s) and identified the peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) as a direct binding target of FAAs. Interestingly, PRDX1, a protein with antioxidant and chaperone activity, has been implied in the development of T2DM by inducing hepatic insulin resistance. SPR, mass spectrometry-based studies, docking experiments and in vitro inhibition assay confirmed that compounds VIe and VIf bound PRDX1 and induced a dose-dependent inhibition. Furthermore, VIe and VIf significantly improved hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats as confirmed by histopathological examinations. These results provide guidance for developing the current FAAs as new potential antidiabetic agents.     

Influence of Optimization Techniques on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo Alloy using Modeling Approach

Nowadays, the Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) process was also working to cut the hard titanium alloys. During the WEDM, the generation of high temperatures was used to melt and vaporize and also flushed away the hard titanium alloy. The tough Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo alloy was machined in the current research by the WEDM method and machining features such as surface roughness (SR) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) were statistically evaluated to achieve optimum performance. The investigations were performed using the Taguchi orthogonal array technique. The optimum process factors were defined from the main effect plot 32 μs, 3 m/min, and 12 g for material removal rate and as 10 μs, 32 μs, 7 m/min, and 12 g for surface roughness. The best essential parameters were established from the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis. The pulse on-time current and pulse off time were identified as important parameters for the material removal rate with a contribution of 23.60%, 5.91%, and 65.02%. The best essential parameters for surface roughness were pulse on time, pulse off time, and a combination of pulse on-time and pulse off time with a percentage contribution of 22.71% and 36.88% respectively.Moreover, the machined surface was examined using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

     

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for the highly sensitive and simultaneous determination of dihydroxy benzene isomers

Journal of Applied Electrochemistry - A simple, one-pot, and short-duration synthetic procedure utilizing two nitrogen sources has been demonstrated to prepare nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide...     

An approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnTiO3

ZnTiO₃ nanoparticles and Ag-Fe co-doped ZnTiO₃ nanoparticles were prepared using sol–gel method. The prepared samples were annealed at 700 °C and showed pure hexagonal ZnTiO₃. All the samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and UV analyses. The result showed that the hexagonal structure of Ag-Fe ZnTiO₃ is affected with the increase in Ag-Fe concentrations. The zinc titanate nanoparticles were used for determining the degradation of cationic dye. Photocatalytic activity of ZnTiO₃ nanoparticles was studied and compared with that of bare control. The results showed enhanced photocatalytic activity of the Ag-Fe co-doped ZnTiO₃ compared to pure ZnTiO₃, showing that the Ag-Fe co-doping deposition has a major function in enhancing the degradation capability of cationic dye.     

An Improved Efficient Dynamic Load Balancing Scheme Under Heterogeneous Networks in Hybrid Cloud Environment

Wireless Personal Communications - In the rapid development of computer network technology. The cloud computing is a novel technology had become a highly demanded service due to several new...