Containerization technologies: taxonomies,applications and challenges

Modern scientific research challenges require new technologies, integrated tools, reusable and complex experiments in distributed computing infrastructures. But above all, computing power for efficient data processing and analyzing. Containers technologies have emerged as a new paradigm to address such intensive scientific applications problems. Their easy deployment in a reasonable amount of time and the few required computational resource make them more suitable. Containers are considered light virtualization solutions. They enable performance isolation and flexible deployment of complex, parallel, and high-performance systems. Moreover, they gained popularity to modernize and migrate scientific applications in computing infrastructure management. Additionally, they reduce computational time processing. In this paper, we first give an overview of virtualization and containerization technologies. We discuss the taxonomies of containerization technologies of the literature, and then we provide a new one that covers and completes those proposed in the literature. We identify the most important application domains of containerization and their technological progress. Furthermore, we discuss the performance metrics used in most containerization techniques. Finally, we point out research gaps in the related aspects of containerization technology that require more research.

     

Laser-treated austenitic steel and nickel alloy for human implants

The recent research in biocompatible materials has been useful in replacing and supporting the fractured natural human bones/joints. Under some condition, negative reaction like release of ions from the bare metal toward the human body fluid leads to corrosion. In this proposed research paper, the biocompatibility of the laser surface-modified austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) and nickel-based superalloy (Inconel 718) was studied. The investigation on laser-modified surfaces is evaluated through electrochemical polarization analysis using simulated body fluid (SBF). The samples subjected to electrochemical polarization analysis were characterized by optical image analysis, SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. It was inferred that laser surface-modified materials provided enhanced corrosion resistance and bare nickel alloy is more susceptible to corrosion by SBF.     

Microstructure and Processing of 3D Printed Tungsten Microlattices and Infiltrated W–Cu Composites

Tungsten is of industrial relevance due its outstanding intrinsic properties (e.g., highest melting‐point of all elements) and therefore difficult to 3D‐print by conventional methods. Here, tungsten micro‐lattices are produced by room‐temperature extrusion‐based 3D‐printing of an ink comprising WO₃–0.5%NiO submicron powders, followed by H₂‐reduction and Ni‐activated sintering. The green bodies underwent isotropic linear shrinkage of ≈50% during the thermal treatment resulting in micro‐lattices, with overall 35–60% open‐porosity, consisting of 95–100% dense W–0.5%Ni struts having ≈80–300 μm diameter. Ball‐milling the powders and inks reduced the sintering temperature needed to achieve full densification from 1400 to 1200 °C and enabled the ink to be extruded through finer nozzles (200 μm). Partial sintering of the struts is achieved when NiO is omitted from the ink, with submicron interconnected‐porosity of ≈34%. Several tungsten micro‐lattices are infiltrated with molten copper at 1300 °C under vacuum, resulting in dense, anisotropic W–Cu composites with 40–65% tungsten volume fraction. Partially sintered struts (containing nickel) with submicron open porosity are also infiltrated with Cu, resulting in co‐continuous W–Cu composites with wide W struts/Cu channels at the lattice scale (hundreds of micrometers), and fine W–Cu interpenetrating network at the strut scale (hundreds of nanometers) allowing for the design of anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties.

     

Effect of NiAl precipitation on shape recovery of CuZnAlNi alloy

In a CuZnAl alloy containing 2.2 wt% of nickel it was found that due to alloy quenching and low temperature ageing, precipitation of NiAl disperse particles takes place resulting in raising of martensitic transformation characteristic temperatures. The ease with which this phase precipitates indicates the low thermal stability of this alloy. At the same time the process of precipitation of NiAl particles offers an opportunity for control of shape recovery temperature by varying quenching temperature, cooling rate and especially ageing time, since variations of characteristic temperatures as a function of ageing time can be expressed by the relation T=At ^0.5. It was also ascertained that the two way shape memory effect, as opposed to the one-way effect, is sensitive to processes associated with alloy ageing and also matrix phase transition in the bainite.     

Picbreeder: a case study in collaborative evolutionary exploration of design space

For domains in which fitness is subjective or difficult to express formally, interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) is a natural choice. It is possible that a collaborative process combining feedback from multiple users can improve the quality and quantity of generated artifacts. Picbreeder, a large-scale online experiment in collaborative interactive evolution (CIE), explores this potential. Picbreeder is an online community in which users can evolve and share images, and most importantly, continue evolving others' images. Through this process of branching from other images, and through continually increasing image complexity made possible by the underlying neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) algorithm, evolved images proliferate unlike in any other current IEC system. This paper discusses not only the strengths of the Picbreeder approach, but its challenges and shortcomings as well, in the hope that lessons learned will inform the design of future CIE systems.