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201.
R. K. Melekhov A. V. Vasylyk E. I. Palashchuk H. M. Krutsan Ya. D. Onyshchak 《Materials Science》2004,40(5):668-675
We study the process of degradation and damage for superheater tubes of the pressure boilers of power plants made of austenitic chromium-nickel steel. The role of sensitization and partial sigmatization of austenitic steel in the embrittlement of the tubes is analyzed.__________Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 81–86, July–August, 2004. 相似文献
202.
A coupled finite-element model, CON2D, has been developed to simulate temperature, stress, and shape development during the
continuous casting of steel, both in and below the mold. The model simulates a transverse section of the strand in generalized
plane strain as it moves down at the casting speed. It includes the effects of heat conduction, solidification, nonuniform
superheat dissipation due to turbulent fluid flow, mutual dependence of the heat transfer and shrinkage on the size of the
interfacial gap, the taper of the mold wall, and the thermal distortion of the mold. The stress model features an elastic-viscoplastic
creep constitutive equation that accounts for the different responses of the liquid, semisolid, delta-ferrite, and austenite
phases. Functions depending on temperature and composition are employed for properties such as thermal linear expansion. A
contact algorithm is used to prevent penetration of the shell into the mold wall due to the internal liquid pressure. An efficient
two-step algorithm is used to integrate these highly nonlinear equations. The model is validated with an analytical solution
for both temperature and stress in a solidifying slab. It is applied to simulate continuous casting of a 120 mm billet and
compares favorably with plant measurements of mold wall temperature, total heat removal, and shell thickness, including thinning
of the corner. The model is ready to investigate issues in continuous casting such as mold taper optimization, minimum shell
thickness to avoid breakouts, and maximum casting speed to avoid hot-tear crack formation due to submold bulging. 相似文献
203.
B. Ma P.I. Djurovich S. Garon B. Alleyne M.E. Thompson 《Advanced functional materials》2006,16(18):2438-2446
Efficient blue‐, green‐, and red‐light‐emitting organic diodes are fabricated using binuclear platinum complexes as phosphorescent dopants. The series of complexes used here have pyrazolate bridging ligands and the general formula C∧NPt(μ‐pz)2PtC∧N (where C∧N = 2‐(4′,6′‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2′, pz = pyrazole ( 1 ), 3‐methyl‐5‐tert‐butylpyrazole ( 2 ), and 3,5‐bis(tert‐butyl)pyrazole ( 3 )). The Pt–Pt distance in the complexes, which decreases in the order 1 > 2 > 3 , solely determines the electroluminescence color of the organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Blue OLEDs fabricated using 8 % 1 doped into a 3,5‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) host have a quantum efficiency of 4.3 % at 120 Cd m–2, a brightness of 3900 Cd m–2 at 12 V, and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.11, 0.24). Green and red OLEDs fabricated with 2 and 3 , respectively, also give high quantum efficiencies (~ 6.7 %), with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.63) and (0.59, 0.46), respectively. The current‐density–voltage characteristics of devices made using dopants 2 and 3 indicate that hole trapping is enhanced by short Pt–Pt distances (< 3.1 Å). Blue electrophosphorescence is achieved by taking advantage of the binuclear molecular geometry in order to suppress dopant intermolecular interactions. No evidence of low‐energy emission from aggregate states is observed in OLEDs made with 50 % 1 doped into mCP. OLEDs made using 100 % 1 as an emissive layer display red luminescence, which is believed to originate from distorted complexes with compressed Pt–Pt separations located in defect sites within the neat film. White OLEDs are fabricated using 1 and 3 in three different device architectures, either with one or two dopants in dual emissive layers or both dopants in a single emissive layer. All the white OLEDs have high quantum efficiency (~ 5 %) and brightness (~ 600 Cd m–2 at 10 V). 相似文献
204.
P. Richards I. Duncan C. Phipps G. Pickering J. Grzywacz R. Hoult J. Merritt 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(3):199-214
Four basins surround the Falkland Islands, but only the North Falkland Basin has been drilled; six wells were drilled there in 1998. Although all six wells encountered good quality sandstones, none of them targeted the basin margins, on what are now thought to be the optimum migration pathways associated with the basin's thick lacustrine source rocks. Subsequently, a 3D seismic survey acquired in 2004 was designed to identify potential basin-margin -derived sandstones entering the basin along transfer zones. From this survey, a number of basin-margin -attached fans have been identified; these prograded into lacustrine waters of varying depths. These Early Cretaceous alluvial/fan delta/deep-lacustrine fan systems are interpreted to provide excellent potential reservoir facies as they are intimately associated with thick, mature source rocks. They will provide the focus for the next planned phase of exploration in the North Falkland Basin.
A phase of drilling is also planned for the basins to the south of the Islands, where large deltaic and fan systems, slightly younger than those imaged in the North Falkland Basin, are seen on seismic to prograde from the same Palaeozoic hinterland that produced the older, North Falkland Basin fans.
This paper attempts to show how sedimentary models derived from targeted seismic programmes following initial exploration can be utilised to plan and improve new drilling campaigns in a frontier basin. It presents an analysis of sediment dispersal patterns in basins of marine and lacustrine origin linked to a single hinterland area, and highlights the nature of the relationship between relay ramp/transfer zone development and sediment dispersal patterns in the subsurface. 相似文献
A phase of drilling is also planned for the basins to the south of the Islands, where large deltaic and fan systems, slightly younger than those imaged in the North Falkland Basin, are seen on seismic to prograde from the same Palaeozoic hinterland that produced the older, North Falkland Basin fans.
This paper attempts to show how sedimentary models derived from targeted seismic programmes following initial exploration can be utilised to plan and improve new drilling campaigns in a frontier basin. It presents an analysis of sediment dispersal patterns in basins of marine and lacustrine origin linked to a single hinterland area, and highlights the nature of the relationship between relay ramp/transfer zone development and sediment dispersal patterns in the subsurface. 相似文献
205.
Atsushi Narumi Kosei Kawasaki Harumi Kaga Toshifumi Satoh Naoya Sugimoto Toyoji Kakuchi 《Polymer Bulletin》2003,49(6):405-410
Summary
The potato phosphorylase-catalyzed polymerization of α-D-glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) onto poly[styrene-block-(4-vinylbenzyl maltohexaoside)] (1) was performed at the molar ratios of [G-l-P]0 and [maltohexaose]0 of 35, 80, and 250. The product was found to be soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, which was a good solvent for amylose, and
showed the complex-formation with iodine, indicating that the product was assignable to poly[styrene-block-(styrene-graft-amylose)] (2). The quantitative analysis of the liberated phosphoric acid gave the average degree of polymerization o f the glucose unit
(n) as 27, 5 1, and 180 for 2-I, 2-II, and 2-III, respectively.
Received: 29 November 2002/Accepted: 22 December 2002
Correspondence to Toyoji Kakuchi 相似文献
206.
A. I. D’Souza M. G. Stapelbroek P. N. Dolan P. S. Wijewarnasuriya R. E. DeWames D. S. Smith J. C. Ehlert 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2003,32(7):633-638
The 1/f noise in photovoltaic (PV) molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown Hg1−xCdxTe double-layer planar heterostructure (DLPH) large-area detectors is a critical noise component with the potential to limit
sensitivity of the cross-track infrared sounder (CrIS) instrument. Therefore, an understanding of the origins and mechanisms
of noise currents in these PV detectors is of great importance. Excess low-frequency noise has been measured on a number of
1000-μm-diameter active-area detectors of varying “quality” (i.e., having a wide range of I-V characteristics at 78 K). The
1/f noise was measured as a function of cut-off wavelength under illuminated conditions. For short-wave infrared (SWIR) detectors
at 98 K, minimal 1/f noise was measured when the total current was dominated by diffusion with white noise spectral density
in the mid-10−15A/Hz1/2 range. For SWIR detectors dominated by other than diffusion current, the ratio, α, of the noise current in unit bandwidth
in(f = 1 Hz, Vd = −60 mV, and Δf = 1 Hz) to dark current Id(Vd = −60 mV) was αSW-d = in/Id ∼ 1 × 10−3. The SWIR detectors measured at 0 mV under illuminated conditions had median αSW-P = in/Iph ∼ 7 × 10−6. For mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detectors, αMW-d = in/Id ∼ 2 × 10−4, due to tunneling current contributions to the 1/f noise. Measurements on forty-nine 1000-μm-diameter MWIR detectors under
illuminated conditions at 98 K and −60 mV bias resulted in αMW-P = in/Iph = 4.16 ± 1.69 × 10−6. A significant point to note is that the photo-induced noise spectra are nearly identical at 0 mV and 100 mV reverse bias,
with a noise-current-to-photocurrent ratio, αMW-P, in the mid 10−6 range. For long-wave infrared (LWIR) detectors measured at 78 K, the ratio, αLW-d = in/Id ∼ 6 × 10−6, for the best performers. The majority of the LWIR detectors exhibited αLW-d on the order of 2 × 10−5. The photo-induced 1/f noise had αLW-P = in/Iph ∼ 5 × 10−6. The value of the noise-current-to-dark-current ratio, α appears to increase with increasing bandgap. It is not clear if
this is due to different current mechanisms impacting 1/f noise performance. Measurements on detectors of different bandgaps
are needed at temperatures where diffusion current is the dominant current. Excess low-frequency noise measurements made as
a function of detector reverse bias indicate 1/f noise may result primarily from the dominant current mechanism at each particular
bias. The 1/f noise was not a direct function of the applied bias. 相似文献
207.
ZhaoYahong ZhangZhongpei WuWeiling 《电子科学学刊(英文版)》2003,20(3):177-182
Adaptive modulation and power allocation is introduced into the multicarrier DSCDMA system to improve the system performance and bandwidth efficiency.First,the system design appropriate for adaptive modulation and power allocation is given,then the algorithm of adaptive modulation and power allocation is applied.Simulation results demonstrate great performance improvement compared with the fixed modulated one. 相似文献
208.
As an aid towards improving the treatment of exchange and correlation effects in electronic structure calculations, it is
desirable to have a clear picture of the errors introduced by currently popular approximate exchange-correlation functionals.
We have performed ab initio density functional theory and density functional perturbation theory calculations to investigate
the thermal properties of bulk Cu, using both the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation
(GGA). Thermal effects are treated within the quasiharmonic approximation. We find that the LDA and GGA errors for anharmonic
quantities are an order of magnitude smaller than for harmonic quantities; we argue that this might be a general feature.
We also obtain much closer agreement with experiment than earlier, more approximate calculations. 相似文献
209.
van Schoor G. van Wyk J.D. Shaw I.S. 《Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on》2003,50(3):546-553
A hybrid power compensator (HPC) consisting of a static VAr compensator and a dynamic compensator needs to be optimally controlled during the compensation of nonlinear loads. The HPC must be controlled to meet minimum requirements in terms of power factor and harmonic distortion, while at the same time minimizing its total cost. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to control the HPC amidst a very dynamic power system environment. The performance of a reference ANN is evaluated while controlling an HPC connected to a typical nonlinear industrial load. The training and performance of the ANN is then optimized in terms of training set size, training set packing and ANN topology and the performance compared to the reference ANN. This paper highlights the importance of optimising the mentioned ANN parameters to achieve optimum ANN training and modeling accuracy. The results obtained reveals that the application of an ANN in controlling an HPC is feasible given that the ANN parameters are chosen appropriately. 相似文献
210.
A route to synthesize ZSM‐5 crystals with a bimodal micro/mesoscopic pore system has been developed in this study; the successful incorporation of the mesopores within the ZSM‐5 structure was performed using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH)‐impregnated mesoporous materials containing carbon nanotubes in the pores, which were encapsulated in the ZSM‐5 crystals during a solid rearrangement process within the framework. Such mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolites can be readily obtained as powders, thin films, or monoliths. 相似文献