浅析塔里木河流域综合治理及生态输水成效

通过对塔里木河流域实施综合治理,落实最严格的水资源管理制度,确保开展生态输水,使塔河干流上中游林草植被得到有效保护和恢复,下游生态环境得到初步改善,有效缓解了流域生态严重退化的被动局面,受水区地下水水位大幅抬升、水质明显好转,产生广泛而又良好的社会影响,取得了显著的成效。     

Effects of psychosocial and situational variables on substance abuse among homeless adults.

Finding direct and indirect influences of salient psychosocial and situational variables on problem substance use among homeless people is important in designing evidence-based, effective, and relevant interventions for this special population. A stress-coping paradigm in conjunction with situational items specialized for homeless people was used to explore predictive relationships in a sample of homeless adults (N = 664) among (a) psychosocial variables of self-esteem, social support, positive and negative coping, and emotional distress, (b) situational variables of homelessness history and quality of recent housing, and (c) outcomes of alcohol use, injection drug use (IDU), and non-IDU. Lower self-esteem predicted greater emotional distress, lower positive coping, greater negative coping, and more alcohol use. Social support predicted less emotional distress and more positive coping. Chronic homelessness predicted more emotional distress, less positive coping, greater alcohol use, and IDU. Poor housing was associated with more alcohol use and IDU. Substance abuse interventions among the homeless should have a dual focus that includes attention to psychological issues and negative coping patterns while also addressing situational, environmental factors, including encouraging provision of permanent supportive housing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Suicide and natural death in a state hospital population: A comparison of admission complaints, MMPI profiles, and social competence factors.

Contrasted completed suicides in a state hospital with natural deaths and inpatients. No significant differences were found among the groups on patterns of admission complaints. For all 3 groups (Ns = 27, 173, 109), depression was found to be the most frequent admission complaint. Neither MMPI profiles nor a recently developed suicide threat scale served to discriminate suicides from the comparison groups. Highly significant differences were found on social competence variables, with suicides tending to be younger, more intelligent, and better educated than comparison groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of nitrogen-containing components on the hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene over Pt, Pd, and Pt–Pd on alumina catalysts

Pyridine and piperidine inhibited the hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DM-DBT) over alumina-supported Pt, Pd, and Pt–Pd catalysts. The Pd catalyst was least sensitive and the Pt–Pd catalysts were most sensitive to the nitrogen-containing compounds. Pyridine was a stronger inhibitor than piperidine at low initial pressure, but the reverse was true at high initial pressure. Hydrogenation of the tetrahydro to the hexahydro and on to the perhydro sulfur-containing intermediate as well as the removal of sulfur from these intermediates was slowed down by piperidine and pyridine. The hydrogenation pathway in the hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-DM-DBT was inhibited much more than the direct desulfurization pathway. The hydrogenation of the desulfurized products 3,3′-dimethylcyclohexylbenzene and 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl over the Pt–Pd catalysts was suppressed by piperidine and pyridine. Piperidine and pyridine substantially decrease the ability of noble metal particles to convert refractory molecules like 4,6-DM-DBT and diminish the advantage of bimetallic Pt–Pd over monometallic Pt or Pd catalysts.     

Criteria selection and analysis for single machine dynamic on-line scheduling with multiple objectives and sequence-dependent setups

Fertile opportunities exist for research involving dynamic and stochastic scheduling with multiple conflicting objectives and sequence-dependent setups as little has been reported in the literature to date. This research focuses on understanding and identifying the criteria that could be combined into a single rule using the linear weighted aggregation approach to consider the contradicting needs of cycle time and delivery accuracy. Eight dispatching criteria are compared and evaluated using discrete event simulation. In most studies, the basic concept is to combine different dispatching criterion that performs the best in each objective into a single rule but this may be insufficient. Simulation results show that it is necessary to take into account not only the criterion’s strength in optimizing a performance objective but also the degree of trade-off it has on the other conflicting performance objectives of interest. A correlation analysis of the objectives used is also presented.     

In situ cultured preantral follicles is a useful model to evaluate the effect of anticancer drugs on caprine folliculogenesis

Despite the increase in the incidence of cancer, the number of women who survive cancer treatment is growing. However, one of the principal results of chemotherapy is premature ovarian failure (POF). The aim of this study was to use the in situ culture preantral follicles as an in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of two anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DXR) and paclitaxel (PTX), on the integrity and development of ovarian follicles. Fragments of the ovarian cortex of goats were cultured in vitro for 1 or 7 days in α‐MEM⁺ supplemented with different concentrations of DXR (0.003, 0.03, or 0.3 µg/mL) and PTX (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 µg/mL). Analyses were performed before and after culture to evaluate tissue integrity by classical histology, apoptosis by TUNEL assay, DNA laddering kit and the detection of activated caspase 3, and DNA damage by the immune detection of phosphorylated histone H2A.x (H2AXph139). Both DXR and PTX reduced the number of morphologically normal primordial and developing follicles. Positive staining for TUNEL and active caspase 3 was detected in all the samples (P < 0.05). Therefore, we propose the in situ culture of caprine preantral follicles as a useful experimental model for assessing the toxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents on ovarian folliculogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:773–781, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Antiadhesive Strategy in Crohn′s Disease: Orally Active Mannosides to Decolonize Pathogenic Escherichia coli from the Gut

Blocking the adherence of bacteria to cells is an attractive complementary approach to current antibiotic treatments, which are faced with increasing resistance. This strategy has been particularly studied in the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs), in which the adhesion of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains to uroepithelial cells is prevented by blocking the FimH adhesin expressed at the tips of bacteria organelles called fimbriae. Recently, we extended the antiadhesive concept, showing that potent FimH antagonists can block the attachment of adherent‐invasive E. coli (AIEC) colonizing the intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn′s disease (CD). In this work, we designed a small library of analogues of heptyl mannoside (HM), a previously identified nanomolar FimH inhibitor, but one that displays poor antiadhesive effects in vivo. The anomeric oxygen atom was replaced by a sulfur or a methylene group to prevent hydrolysis by intestinal glycosidases, and chemical groups were attached at the end of the alkyl tail. Importantly, a lead compound was shown to reduce AIEC levels in the feces and in the colonic and ileal mucosa after oral administration (10 mg kg^?1) in a transgenic mouse model of CD. The compound showed a low bioavailability, preferable in this instance, thus suggesting the possibility of setting up an innovative antiadhesive therapy, based on the water‐soluble and non‐cytotoxic FimH antagonists developed here, for the CD subpopulation in which AIEC plays a key role.     

Ruthenacycles and Iridacycles as Catalysts for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation and Racemisation

Ruthenacycles, which are easily prepared in a single step by reaction between enantiopure aromatic amines and [Ru(arene)Cl₂]₂ in the presence of NaOH and KPF₆, are very good asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalysts. A range of aromatic ketones were reduced using isopropanol in good yields with ee’s up to 98%. Iridacycles, which are prepared in similar fashion from [IrCp*Cl₂]₂ are excellent catalysts for the racemisation of secondary alcohols and chlorohydrins at room temperature. This allowed the development of a new dynamic kinetic resolution of chlorohydrins to the enantiopure epoxides in up to 90% yield and 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) using a mutant of the enzyme Haloalcohol dehalogenase C and an iridacycle as racemisation catalyst.     

Antioxidant capacity of four polyphenol-rich Amazonian plant extracts: A correlation study using chemical and biological in vitro assays

Many plants used in Amazonian folk medicine present a high antioxidant activity. In this study, the antioxidant activities of four largely used plants, namely Byrsonima crassifolia, Davilla kunthii, Davilla rugosa and Inga edulis, were evaluated, using methanolic extracts of their leaves, fruits and bark and several different in vitro tests, based either on the capacity to scavenge free radicals (ORAC, TRAP) or on the ability to protect biological structures (LDLs, erythrocytes). The total phenolics (TP), flavanoids (TFA) and flavonols (TFO) were also measured. Almost all extracts performed well in all assays of antioxidative capacity, with best activities found in leaves (compared to fruits and bark). Most antioxidative performance indicators (ORAC, TRAP, LDL protection) correlated well with the TP and TFA content of the extracts. Conversely, correlation was lower between TFO and these indicators, reflecting a lower involvement of these compounds in antioxidant processes. Erythrocyte protection against oxidant-triggered haemolysis showed no correlation with any of the phenolic content indicators, suggesting that most of these compounds have a low ability to protect lipid targets in the erythrocyte membrane. On the other hand, protection of erythrocytes against haemolysis correlated positively with LDL protection. The extract of I. edulis leaves contained average amounts of polyphenols but ranked first in the majority of the tests, indicating the occurrence of particularly efficient compounds with very important antioxidant properties, which could be used for medicinal and other applications.