Oxygen transport,thermal and electrochemical properties of NdBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ cathode for SOFCs

In this study, the crystal structure, thermal, oxygen transport, electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of the perovskite NdBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co₂O_5+δ (NBSC55) are investigated. In the temperature range of 250 °C–350 °C, the weight loss upon heating was due to a partial loss of lattice oxygen and along with a reduction of Co⁴⁺ to Co³⁺. The tend of weight-loss slows down as temperature increased above 350 °C indicating a reduction of Co³⁺ to Co²⁺ during this stage. The oxygen migration is dominated by surface exchange process at high temperature range (650-800 °C); however, the bulk diffusion process prevails at low temperature range (500–600 °C). For long-term testing, the polarization resistance of NBSC55 increases gradually form 3.13 Ω cm² for 2 h to 3.34 Ω cm² for 96 h at 600 °C and an increasing-rate for polarization resistance is around 0.22% h^?1. The power density of the single cell with NBSC55 cathode reached 341 mW cm^?2 at 800 °C.     

Optimization of soy-biodiesel combustion in a modern diesel engine

As global petroleum demand continues to increase, alternative fuel vehicles are becoming the focus of increasing attention. Biodiesel has emerged as an attractive alternative fuel option due to its domestic availability from renewable sources, its relative physical and chemical similarities to conventional diesel fuel, and its miscibility with conventional diesel. Biodiesel combustion in modern diesel engines does, however, generally result in higher fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions compared to diesel combustion due to fuel property differences including calorific value and oxygen content. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal engine decision-making for 100% soy-based biodiesel to accommodate fuel property differences via modulation of air-fuel ratio (AFR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) fraction, fuel rail pressure, and start of main fuel injection pulse at over 150 different random combinations, each at four very different operating locations. Applying the nominal diesel settings to biodiesel combustion resulted in increases in NO_x at three of the four locations (up to 44%) and fuel consumption (11-20%) over the nominal diesel levels accompanied by substantial reductions in particulate matter (over 80%). The biodiesel optimal settings were defined as the parameter settings that produced comparable or lower NO_x, particulate matter (PM), and peak rate of change of in-cylinder pressure (peak dP/dt, a metric for noise) with respect to nominal diesel levels, while minimizing brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). At most of the operating locations, the optimal engine decision-making was clearly shifted to lower AFRs and higher EGR fractions in order to reduce the observed increases in NO_x at the nominal settings, and to more advanced timings in order to mitigate the observed increases in fuel consumption at the nominal settings. These optimal parameter combinations for biodiesel were able to reduce NO_x and noise levels below nominal diesel levels while largely maintaining the substantial PM reductions. These parameter combinations, however, had little (maximum 4% reduction) or no net impact on reducing the biodiesel fuel consumption penalty.     

Modifying Crystallinity,Morphology, and Photophysical Properties of Carbon Nitride by Using Crystals as Reactants

Here we show a general method to improve the crystallinity of carbon nitride nanosheets by using melamine crystals as reactants for the high temperature synthesis. Additionally, the crystals were calcined in a sealed ampoule, which provides a pressurized environment, yielding crystalline carbon nitride nanosheets that display altered morphology and photophysical properties compared to the reference materials. Electronic microscopy, optical and photoelectrochemical measurements prove the modifications of parameters such like band structure, charge recombination or inter-layer distance. The new growth strategy presented here opens many opportunities for the design of crystalline materials with tailored properties for different applications.     

Number-theoretic functions which are equivalent to number of divisors

Let d(n) denote the number of positive integral divisors of n. In this paper we show that the Möbius function, μ(N), can be computed by a single call to an oracle for d(n). We also show that any function that depends solely on the exponents in the prime factorization of N can be computed by at most log₂ N calls to an oracle for d(N).     

IGC study of surface properties of adsorbed styrene/methacrylic acid diblock polymers

An inverse gas chromatographic study has been carried out on a styrene/methacrylic acid diblock polymer adsorbed on particulates of varying acid/base interaction potential. Acid/base interactions between polymer and substrate were shown to result in the selective adsorption of copolymer moieties, leading to interphase surface compositions that varied with thickness. At higher interphase thicknesses, bulk and surface compositions became similar; however, depending on the interaction potential of the adsorbent, the interphase thicknesses at this point varied from 100 to 1000 Å. Adsorbed diblock interphases are to be considered nonisotropic in local composition and molecular conformation. These properties may make possible designing diblock interphases to meet specific compatibilization requirements in polymer composites. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

移动式小型X线机综合防护装置

本文介绍一种移动式小型 X 线机综合防护装置。该装置把便于运输的部件、防护隔屏及暗室融为一体,为 X 线工作者、被检者和被检者提供了较好的防护。本文介绍一种移动式小型 X 线机综合防护装置。现将其基本构造和防护效果简介如下:     

An efficient phishing webpage detector

Phishing attack is growing significantly each year and is considered as one of the most dangerous threats in the Internet which may cause people to lose confidence in e-commerce. In this paper, we present a heuristic method to determine whether a webpage is a legitimate or a phishing page. This scheme could detect new phishing pages which black list based anti-phishing tools could not. We first convert a web page into 12 features which are well selected based on the existing normal and fishing pages. A training set of web pages including normal and fishing pages are then input for a support vector machine to do training. A testing set is finally fed into the trained model to do the testing. Compared to the existing methods, the experimental results show that the proposed phishing detector can achieve the high accuracy rate with relatively low false positive and low false negative rates.     

The influence of micronised particulates on the aerosolisation properties of pressurised metered dose inhalers

A fundamental study of the interactions between binary particulate formulations in HFA-based pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) systems was undertaken. Differences in the surface energetics of lactose, mannitol and sibenadet hydrochloride were observed, which could be related to the degree of particle adhesion/cohesion, the sedimentation rate and the aerosolisation performance of formulations containing different mixtures of these components. In general, lactose was shown to be the most cohesive material and readily formed coarse aggregates with sibenadet hydrochloride which sedimented rapidly. This had the greatest effect on aerosolisation performance at high-lactose concentrations (and low-sibenadet hydrochloride concentrations), where heavily agglomerated particles were observed in collected samples of the emitted aerosol. A model, relating the adhesive and cohesive forces between the components in these systems has been proposed, which satisfactorily describes these phenomena. Furthermore, although the more energetic systems were shown to result in significantly decreased aerosol performance, the through-life performance was enhanced.     

Synthesis of short-channeled amino-functionalized SBA-15 and its beneficial applications in base-catalyzed reactions

Amino-functionalized-SBA-15 catalysts with nanostructured hexagonal platelet morphologies were synthesized directly by using microwave synthesis from the hydrolysis and co-condensation of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and sodium metasilicate under a strong acidic condition with the Pluronic P123 triblock copolymer as a structure-directing agent. The amino-functionalized-SBA-15 catalysts were proven by SEM and TEM techniques to have very short channels in the range of 200–300 nm perpendicular to the hexagonal platelet morphologies. These short-channeled catalysts were proven to be effective heterogeneous catalysts in liquid-phase reactions such as Knoevenagel and Claisen-Schmidt condensations as well as in Henry reaction. They exhibited greatly improved catalytic activities over the typical fibrous type SBA-15 catalyst having long channels. Obviously, the easy diffusion and rapid mass transfer of substrate into the short channel mesopores played important roles in the significant improvement in the catalytic activities.