Image blur and energy broadening effects in XPEEM

We report image blurring and energy broadening effects in energy-filtered XPEEM when illuminating the specimen with soft X-rays at high flux densities. With a flux of 2×10¹³ photons/s, the lateral resolution in XPEEM imaging with either core level or secondary electrons is degraded to more than 50 nm. Fermi level broadening up to several hundred meV and spectral shift to higher kinetic energies are also systematically observed. Simple considerations suggest that these artifacts result from Boersch and Loeffler effects, and that the electron-electron interactions are strongest in the initial part of the microscope optical path. Implications for aberration corrected instruments are discussed.     

Surface treatment of glass fiber and carbon fiber posts: SEM characterization

Morphology, etching patterns, surface modification, and characterization of 2 different fiber posts: Gfp, Glass fiber post; and Cfp, carbon fiber were investigated by SEM analysis, after different surface treatments. Thirty fiber posts, being 15 Gfp and 15 Cfp were divided into a 5 surface treatments (n = 3): C-alcohol 70% (control); HF 4%-immersion in 4% hydrofluoric acid for 1min; H(3) PO(4) 37%-immersion in 37% phosphoric acid for 30s; H(2) O(2) 10%-immersion in 10% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min; H(2) O(2) 24%-immersion in 24% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. Morphology, etching patterns, surface modification and surface characterization were acessed by SEM analysis. SEM evaluation revealed that the post surface morphology was modified following all treatment when compared with a control group, for both type of reinforced posts. HF seems to penetrate around the fibers of Gfp and promoted surface alterations. The Cfp surface seems to be inert to treatment with HF 4%. Dissolution of epoxy resin and exposure of the superficial fiber was observed in both post groups, regardless the type of reinforcing fiber, H(2) O(2) in both concentrations. Relative smooth surface area was produced by H(3) PO(4) 37% treatment, but with similar features to untreated group. Surface treatment of fiber post is a determinant factor on micromechanical entanglement to resin composite core. Post treatment with hydrogen peroxide resulted strength of carbon and glass/epoxy resin fiber posts to resin composite core.     

Influence of the Carbo-Chromization Process on the Microstructural,Hardness, and Corrosion Properties of 316L Sintered Stainless Steel

We report on the changes on the microstructural, hardness, and corrosion properties induced by carbo-chromization of 316L stainless steel prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering technique. The thermo-chemical treatments have been performed using pack cementation. The carburizing and chromization were carried out between 1153 K (880 °C)/4 h to 1253 K (980 °C)/12 h and 1223 K (950 °C)/6 h to 1273 K (1000 °C)/12 h in a solid powder mixture of charcoal/BaCO₃ and ferrochromium/alumina/NH₄Cl, respectively. The obtained layers were investigated using X-ray and electron diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopies, Vickers micro-hardness, and potentiodynamic measurements. The thickness of the carbo-chromized layer ranges between 300 and 500 μm. Besides the host γ-phase, the layers are mainly constituted of carbides (Fe₇C₃, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, and Fe₃C) and traces of α′-martensite. The average hardness values decrease smoothly from 650 HV at the sample surface down to 200 HV at the center of the sample. The potentiodynamic tests revealed that the carbo-chromized samples have smaller corrosion resistance with respect to the untreated material. For strong chromization regimes, the corrosion rate is increased by a factor of four with respect to that of the untreated material, while the micro-hardness of the layer is three times larger. Such materials are suited to be used in environments where good corrosion resistance and wear properties are required.     

How modality specific is the iambic–trochaic law? Evidence from vision.

The iambic–trochaic law has been proposed to account for the grouping of auditory stimuli: Sequences of sounds that differ only in duration are grouped as iambs (i.e., the most prominent element marks the end of a sequence of sounds), and sequences that differ only in pitch or intensity are grouped as trochees (i.e., the most prominent element marks the beginning of a sequence). In 3 experiments, comprising a familiarization and a test phase, we investigated whether a similar grouping principle is also present in the visual modality. During familiarization, sequences of visual stimuli were repeatedly presented to participants, who were asked to memorize their order of presentation. In the test phase, participants were better at remembering fragments of the familiarization sequences that were consistent with the iambic–trochaic law. Thus, they were better at remembering fragments that had the element with longer duration in final position (iambs) and fragments that had the element with either higher temporal frequency or higher intensity in initial position (trochees), as compared with fragments that were inconsistent with the iambic–trochaic law or that never occurred during familiarization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

电石渣制水泥企业窑尾烟筒的防腐案例

我公司一线回转窑是利用100%湿电石渣（含水30%~33%）生产水泥熟料的生产线，正常生产窑尾烟筒排气湿度为24%、温度为120 ℃以下、烟气流速18 m/s，经过近9年的连续运行，窑尾烟筒内壁腐蚀严重，经过加固防腐处理后运行良好。现将处理的办法进行总结，供业内同类企业参考。     

“华工佛塑杯”第8届全国橡胶制品技术研讨会纪要

<正>2017年11月8—11日,中国化工学会橡胶专业委员会和全国橡胶工业信息中心主办、北京橡胶工业研究设计院《橡胶工业》《橡胶科技》编辑部承办、东莞华工佛塑新材料有限公司协办、广州金昌盛科技有限公司和广州富尔曼化工有限公司支持的"华工佛塑杯"第8届全国橡胶制品技术研讨会在广州召开。来自全国橡胶制品及相关行业企业、相关原材料生产企业和设备制造企业以及高等学校、科研院所等单位的98名代表出席了会议。原     

“Arbequina” Olive Oil Composition Is Affected by the Application of Regulated Deficit Irrigation during Pit Hardening Stage

Three new regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments were applied to “Arbequina” olive orchards during pit hardening. Oil quality was determined by measuring analytical parameters for olive oil grading, antioxidant activity, total phenol content, fatty acid profile, volatile compounds profile, and sensory analysis. Oils from RDI were classified as “extra virgin olive oil” and their quality was improved due to their higher antioxidant potential (ABTS⁺ [increased ~75%] and DPPH^˙ [increased ~25%] assays) and phenols (increased ~53%) than control. Concentration of total volatile compounds decreased (~27%) but RDI olive oils showed a more balanced profile (alcohols, aldehydes, and esters). Monounsaturated fatty acid content increased (~5%) and atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes decreased (~8.5%) in RDI olive oil. Regarding sensory analysis, RDI provided more balanced oils with higher fruit aroma than control. Other benefits of RDI olive oil, when compared with oil from full irrigated orchards are reduced use of water and improved functional and sensory quality.     

Flexible and transparent capacitors based on gel-type natural polymers

In this work, we study the capacitive properties of gel-type natural abundant polymers without any dopants, mainly commercial gelatin and agar in deionized water. Here, we propose a facile fabrication of flexible, transparent, and planar electrolytic capacitors using these gel-type and indium tin oxide thin films as electrodes deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates. Through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques, we found that the devices show a specific capacitance in the order of the millifarads per gram, a specific power of ~10 mW cm⁻², which is sufficient to active low-power devices, and a life cycle with nearly 100% efficiency after 1,000 cycles. We found that we do not need to add dopants that improve the ionic conductivity of the natural polyelectrolytes to obtain capacitances within the millifarads per gram. The flexibility of the capacitors was demonstrated by bending them, after which they exhibited the same electrochemical performance as the unbent devices. The optical transparency of the capacitors was measured by UV–V is spectroscopy showing a high transmittance in the visible region.     

Characterization of sacha inchi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Plukenetia volubilis</Emphasis> L.) oil by FTIR spectroscopy and <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR. Comparison with linseed oil

Three oil samples obtained from sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seeds were studied by means of FTIR and ¹H NMR. Frequency data of the most significant bands of the IR spectrum of this oil are given. These data show that sacha inchi oil has a high degree of unsaturation. The same fact is deduced from the ratio between the absorbance of the bands due to the stretching vibrations of the cis olefinic CH double bonds at 3010.5 cm⁻¹ and to the methylene symmetrical stretching vibrations at 2855.1 cm⁻¹. The proportions of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated acyl groups were predicted from the frequency of some IR bands, and these were in satisfactory agreement with the values obtained through FAME generation and their quantification by GC. Likewise, simple observation of the ¹H NMR spectra provided a great deal of information about sacha inchi oil, with regard not only to the relative proportions of the different acyl groups but also to their nature. Thus, the presence of γ-linolenic acyl groups was discounted. Furthermore, the area of some ¹H NMR signals was used to determine the proportion of saturated and mono-, di-, and triunsaturated acyl groups, which also were in satisfactory agreement with the values obtained by classical methods. IR and ¹H NMR determinations take very little time in comparison with classical methods and do not require chemical manipulation or transformation of the sample. A comparison was also made between the compositions of sacha inchi and linseed oil. Both oils are important sources of the healthful n−3 linolenic acyl groups, and sacha inchi also contains high proportions of the n−6 linoleic acyl groups.