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81.
Impact-toughened, compatibilized binary blends of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer/amine functionalized ethylene-propylene (amine-EP) polymer and ternary blends consisting of SMA/amine-EP/high density polyethylene (HDPE) are described. In both blends 0.02 to 4 μm range rubbery inclusions, which toughen the SMA matrix, are formed. SMA sub-inclusions exist in the amine-EP phase. In the ternary blend substantially all of the polyethylene is embedded in the EP phase. Compatibilization of the SMA and the commingled polyolefin phase is promoted by a graft copolymer formed by the reaction of amine groups on the EP with the maleic anhydride groups on the SMA. We describe the morphology, rheology, aging characteristics and impact properties of these blends. SMA modification by SMA-g-(amine-EP) polymers formed in situ in the melt, with HDPE, has not been previously reported. 相似文献
82.
A method of tracking the peak power points for a variable speed wind energy conversion system 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
In this paper, a method of tracking the peak power in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) is proposed, which is independent of the turbine parameters and air density. The algorithm searches for the peak power by varying the speed in the desired direction. The generator is operated in the speed control mode with the speed reference being dynamically modified in accordance with the magnitude and direction of change of active power. The peak power points in the P-/spl omega/ curve correspond to dP/d/spl omega/=0. This fact is made use of in the optimum point search algorithm. The generator considered is a wound rotor induction machine whose stator is connected directly to the grid and the rotor is fed through back-to-back pulse-width-modulation (PWM) converters. Stator flux-oriented vector control is applied to control the active and reactive current loops independently. The turbine characteristics are generated by a DC motor fed from a commercial DC drive. All of the control loops are executed by a single-chip digital signal processor (DSP) controller TMS320F240. Experimental results show that the performance of the control algorithm compares well with the conventional torque control method. 相似文献
83.
An experimental study has been performed to detect the occurrence of nanosized carbon particulates below the soot laden zone of a co-flowing partially premixed flame. Samples have been extracted from different points across the flame and passed through DI water. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies have been performed with the collected water suspensions. The occurrence of carbon nanoparticles is evident across the inner flame front. In addition, evidence of naphthalene has also been found inside the inner rich premixed flame. The concentration of naphthalene decreases while that of the carbon nanoparticles increases as the inner flame front is reached. The stability of the nanoparticles in the sample has been ensured by observing that the change in fluorescence quantum yield from the sample over a long duration is small. The band gap energy has been evaluated using the absorption data to characterize the likely structures of the particles in the collected suspension. Two kinds of particles having different zones of band gap energy are found in the flame. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that the particle size grows with the increase in height in the lower part of the flame. While, at 3 and 6 mm elevations the particles are observed to be below 2.5 nm in diameter, the particles at 10 mm elevation are found in the size range of 2.5-5.5 nm. 相似文献
84.
Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V were exposed at 750°C in an H2/H2O/H2S PO
210–18 Pa and PS
210–1 Pa), H2/H2O (PO
210–18 Pa) and air environments for up to 240 hr. The corrosion kinetics, obtained by the discontinuous gravimetric method, showed that the sulfidation/oxidation kinetics were linear for Ti and linear-parabolic for Ti-6Al-4V in the H2/H2O/H2S environment. Both materials obeyed parabolic rate laws in the H2/H2O atmosphere after a transient period, and linear-parabolic rate laws in air. After exposure to the H2/H2O/H2S atmosphere, the titanium specimen displayed a double scale of TiO2 with an intervening TiS2 film between the double-layered scale of TiO2 and the substrate. Ti-6Al-4V also contained a double layer of TiO2 together with a stratum consisting of Al2S3, TiS2 and vanadium sulfide at the junction of the inner TiO2 layer and substrate. Some Al2O3 precipitated in the external portion of the outer TiO2 layer. Following oxidation in the low-PO
2 atmosphere a double-layered oxide of TiO2 scale formed on both Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. The scale on Ti-6Al-4V also contained an -Al2O3 film situated between the outer and inner (TiO2) layers. For both materials, multilayered-scale formation characterized air oxidation. In detail a multilayered oxide scale of TiO2 formed on the air-oxidized Ti, while a multilayered oxide scale with alternating layers of Al2O3/TiO2 developed on Ti-6Al-4V oxidized in air. 相似文献
85.
We present in this paper a new energy-efficient communication scheme called CNS (Compression with Null Symbol) that combines the power of data compression and communication through silent symbol. The concept of communication through silent symbol is borrowed from the energy efficient schemes proposed in Sinha (Proceedings
of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), Ghosh et al. (Proceedings
of 27th IEEE international performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008), and Sinha and
Sinha (Proceedings of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144,
2008). We show that the average theoretical energy saving at the transmitter by CNS is 62.5%, assuming an ideal channel and
for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Next, we propose a transceiver design that uses a hybrid
modulation scheme utilizing FSK and ASK so as to keep the cost/complexity of the radio devices low. Considering an additive
white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and a non-coherent detection based receiver, CNS shows a saving in transmitter energy
by 30% when compared to binary FSK, for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Simultaneously,
there is a saving of 50% at the receiver for all types of data modulation due to halving of the transmitted data duration,
compared to binary encoding. In contrast, RBNSiZeComm proposed in Sinha (Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and
networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), TSS proposed in Ghosh et al. (Proceedings of 27th IEEE international
performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008) and RZE proposed in Sinha and Sinha (Proceedings
of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144, 2008) generate
average transmitter energy savings of about 41, 20, and 35.2%, respectively. Also, at the receiver side, while RBNSiZeComm
does not generate any saving, TSS and RZE produce about 36.9 and 12.5% savings on an average, respectively. Considering certain
data types that may occur in the context of some wireless sensor networks (WSN) based applications (e.g., remote healthcare, agricultural WSNs, etc.), our simulation results demonstrate that for
AWGN noisy channels, the transmitter side savings vary from about 33–50% on an average, while for RBNSiZeComm, this saving
is about 33–61% on the same data set (Sinha in Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC),
Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009). Thus, taking into account the low cost/complexity of the proposed transceiver, these results clearly
establish that CNS can be a suitable candidate for communication in low power wireless sensor networks, such as in remote
healthcare applications, body area networks, home automation, WSNs for agriculture and many others. 相似文献
86.
Sushant K. Manwatkar A. Bahrudheen Shashi Bhushan Tiwari S. V. S. Narayana Murty P. Ramesh Narayanan 《Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention》2017,17(3):505-512
In view of its excellent wear and corrosion resistance, AISI 440C steel is the material of choice for the fabrication of ball screws used in actuator systems of satellite launch vehicles. During the routine acceptance test of a ball screw, longitudinal cracks were observed at the shaft location of the ball screw. The optical microstructure of the ball screw material (AISI 440C) revealed the presence of aligned carbides (carbide banding). Fractographic observations revealed the cracking to be along the carbide bands. Based on detailed optical and scanning electron microscopic observations, the cracking of the ball screws was attributed to the carbide bands. 相似文献
87.
A. Datta S. Dutta S.K. Pal R. Sen 《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2013,213(12):2339-2349
Tool condition monitoring by machine vision approach has been gaining popularity day by day since it is a low cost and flexible method. In this paper, a tool condition monitoring technique by analysing turned surface images has been presented. The aim of this work is to apply an image texture analysis technique on turned surface images for quantitative assessment of cutting tool flank wear, progressively. A novel method by the concept of Voronoi tessellation has been applied in this study to analyse the surface texture of machined surface after the creation of Voronoi diagram. Two texture features, namely, number of polygons with zero cross moment and total void area of Voronoi diagram of machined surface images have been extracted. A correlation study between measured flank wear and extracted texture features has been done for depicting the tool flank wear. It has been found that number of polygons with zero cross moment has better linear relationship with tool flank wear than that of total void area. 相似文献
88.
Implementation of monitoring strategy for increasing the efficiency of groundwater pollutant source characterization is often necessary, especially when only inadequate and arbitrary concentration measurement data are initially available. Two main parameters that need to be estimated for efficient and accurate characterization of groundwater pollution sources are: location of the source and the time when the source became active. Complexities involved with the explicit estimation of the time of start and source activity have not been addressed so far in previous studies. The main complexity arises due to the fact that the spatial location and time of activity are inter-related. Therefore, specifying one and solving for the other simplifies the source characterization problem. Hence, in this study, both the source location and time of initiation are treated as unknowns. The developed methodology uses dynamic time warping distance in the linked simulation-optimization model to address some complex issues in designing a monitoring network to efficiently estimate source characteristics including the time of first activity of unknown groundwater source. Performance of the developed methodology is evaluated on illustrative contaminated aquifer. These evaluation results demonstrate the potential use of the developed methodology. 相似文献
89.
Optimal Dynamic Monitoring Network Design and Identification of Unknown Groundwater Pollution Sources 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The identification of unknown pollution sources is a prerequisite for designing of a remediation strategy. In most of the
real world situations, it is difficult to identify the pollution sources without a scientifically designed efficient monitoring
network. The locations of the contaminant concentration measurement sites would determine the efficiency of the unknown source
identification process to a large extent. Therefore coupled and iterative sequential source identification and dynamic monitoring
network design framework is developed. The coupled approach provides a framework for necessary sequential exchange of information
between monitoring network and source identification methodology. The preliminary identification of unknown sources, based
on limited concentration data from existing arbitrarily located wells provides the initial rough estimate of the source fluxes.
These identified source fluxes are then utilized for designing an optimal monitoring network for the first stage. Both the
monitoring network and source identification process is repeated by sequential identification of sources and design of monitoring
network which provides the feedback information. In the optimal source identification model, the Jacobian matrix which is
the determinant for the search direction in the nonlinear optimization model links the groundwater flow-transport simulator
and the optimization method. For the optimal monitoring network design, the integer programming based optimal design model
requires as input, simulated sets of concentration data. In the proposed methodology, the concentration measurement data from
the designed and implemented monitoring network are used as feedback information for sequential identification of unknown
pollution sources. The potential applicability of the developed methodology is demonstrated for an illustrative study area. 相似文献
90.
Suresh Bhalla Praveen Kumar Ashok Gupta Tushar K. Datta 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,22(4):373-382
The electromechanical impedance technique employs surface-bonded lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic patches as impedance transducers for structural health monitoring and nondestructive evaluation. The patches are bonded to the monitored structures using finitely thick adhesive bond layer, which introduces shear lag effect, thus invariably influencing the electromechanical admittance signatures. This paper presents a new simplified impedance model to incorporate shear lag effect into electromechanical admittance formulations, both one-dimensional and two-dimensional. This provides a closed-form analytical solution of the inverse problem, i.e. to derive the true structural impedance from the measured conductance and susceptance signatures, thus an improvement over the existing models. The influence of various parameters (associated with the bond layer) on admittance signatures is investigated using the proposed model and the results compared with existing models. The results show that the new model, which is far simpler than the existing models, models the shear lag phenomenon reasonably well besides providing direct solution of a complex inverse problem. 相似文献