N-nitrosamine content of New Zealand beer and malted barley

The nitrosamine content of 16 New Zealand beers and one Australian beer, all manufactured in 1980, was determined by chemiluminescence. The levels, calculated as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) ranged from 0.2–1.8 μg dm^?3 with a mean of 0.76 μg dm^?3. Over a period of 2 years, the NDMA levels in New Zealand malt have been reduced as the result of changes in kilning technology, introduced to control the level of nitrogen oxides in kiln air. For example, the mean value for directly-fired malt was 5.4 μg kg^?1, that for malt dried in air heated by burners to which sulphur had been added was 2.4 μg kg^?1 and that for malt dried in air to which SO₂ had been released was 0.3 μg kg^?1. For the purposes of quality control, screening beer or malt for nitrosamines can be accomplished adequately by the injection of CH₂Cl₂ extracts directly into a thermal energy analyser.     

Oxygen Refined Ferroalloys

Successful in steelmaking, oxygen top-blowing techniques are not being employed for the refining of ferrochrome. This may be the beginning of the wide-spread use of oxygen in the ferroalloys industry.     

Philippines’ First Copper

A combination of ammonia leaching, hydrogen reduction, and powder compacting (AHC) is to be the basis for the Philippines’ first copper producing plant.     

Efforts to Foster All-Channel Television

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has long considered 12 VHF channels incapable of providing an efficient television system. Its responsibilities to make UHF broadcasting competitive with VHF led it to seek authority from Congress to require that all receivers be equipped with UHF tuners. Having obtained this authority, the FCC turned to other concurrent activities which would lead to surmounting the technical and nonechnical problems encountered in UHF broadcasting. In particular, an industry advisory committee was formed in 1963 entitled, "Committee for the Full Development of All-Channel Broadcasting." This Committee makes recommendations to the FCC as to how, by amendment of its rules and policies, UHF broadcasting can become fully viable.     

For the first time tough-pitch copper continuously cast

Described by some as a breakthrough and by others as the first major development in copper refining in 50 years, Asarco’s new roasting-melting-continuous-casting unit is, without a doubt, a big step forward in copper production.     

Theory of absorbers in scattering

The effect of absorbers on scattering from complex shapes is considered, wherein, unlike previous work on the subject, the diffracted field is taken into account. For a general class of scattering bodies two new theorems are introduced which give conditions under which the back-scattered field for incident radiation is identically zero. High-frequency scattering from any smooth convex body is examined. The conditions given in the theorems are then used to determine their effect on the creeping waves. It is shown that the creeping waves suffer much greater attenuation than they would if the body were a perfectly conducting surface. The particular case for nose-on back-scattering from a body of revolution is considered, for which case the creeping wave contribution to the back-scattered field is identically zero due to phase cancellation. It is then shown that absorbers with highly refractive lossy characteristics will reduce the back-scattered cross section for smooth convex bodies in the resonance region.     

Dialysis in the treatment of renal failure in patients with liver disease

The value and effects of treating renal failure by dialysis are analyzed in a series of 84 patients with various types of liver disease. Although none of the 25 patients with cirrhosis survived, six of 50 with fulminant hepatic failure recovered completely as did seven of nine patients with renal failure secondary to extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction or with liver and renal damage following episodes of severe hypotension. Dialysis was required for seven weeks before diuresis occurred in one patient in the latter group. Both peritoneal and hemodialysis satisfactorily controlled plasma urea and creatinine levels, except in patients with fulminant hepatic failure in whom this was only achieved by hemodialysis. Complications of dialysis were most common in patients with cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure and included hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intraperitoneal sepsis. Overall, the results show that dialysis is only worth attempting in those patients in whom recovery of the underlying liver lesion is possible, and even then treatment for prolonged periods may be necessary.     

Incidence and severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cerebral prostaglandin synthesis in essential fatty acid deficient and aspirin-treated rats

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in rats of the Lewis strain fed diets adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). After induction of the disease, the diets were supplemented with aspirin (3.75 g/kg diet), and the effects of the drug on the course of EAE and on the synthesis of prostaglandin F (PGF) by brain slices from diseased animals and their Freund controls were examined. Aspirin supplementation delayed the onset of EAE in both dietary groups. EFA-deficient rats experienced an incidence and severity of the disease similar to that of aspirin-free, EFA-deficient rats, while the EFA-adequate group showed a greater severity but not an increased incidence, compared to aspirin-free controls. Aspirin treatment led to an increased PGF production by brain slices from rats on either diet and not subjected to an immunochallenge. When the diet was deficient in EFA, challenge with antigen plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone tended to decrease PGF synthesis by brain slices, and when the diet was adequate in EFA, immunochallenge caused a marked depression on PGF synthesis. It was concluded that the PG synthetase inhibitor aspirin can alter the course of EAE in the rat, providing further evidence that PGs or related metabolites may be involved in the immune response in this disease. Part of a thesis submitted by Patricia G. Weston to the University of Illinois in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Ph.D degree.     

Investigation of the parasitic loop counterpoise antenna

The radiation field produced by a parasitic loop counterpoise antenna is investigated. This is a new antenna configuration which consists of a small circular loop in the presence of a large parasitic loop and is placed above a circular ground plane or counterpoise. Geometrical theory of diffraction is applied to obtain the theoretical expressions for the far field produced by such an antenna. Within the range of approximation the agreement between theory and experiment has been found to be very good. The introduction of a parasitic loop, in general, reduces the ground plane edge diffraction effects on the far-field patterns and makes the overall pattern in the half-plane above the counterpoise less directional. Possible application of the antenna is also discussed.     

Experimental Investigation into the Performance of Large-scale Earthing Electrodes

Analytical and numerical simulation techniques have been developed for the calculation of earth resistance/ impedance and to estimate the potential distribution in the vicinity of earth electrodes. How...