The mathematical formulation for targeting during energy allocation with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is formally developed. For operating-cost optimization with zero excess, it is shown that CCS sources may be regarded as resources with their cost taken as the increment over the non-CCS option. CCS sources along with clean-carbon resources may then be targeted by profile matching with the limiting composite to establish optimal primary cases. The limiting composite curve is itself sacrosanct and obtained by a single computation of the composite table algorithm (CTA) including only non-CCS sources. Carbon emission networks (CENs) are designed by the nearest neighbors algorithm (NNA). A cost criterion is established to determine cost-factor ranges for optimality of the primary cases, and results validated by solving linear programming (LP) and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations. The methodology essentially comprises four distinct stages – targeting, network design, cost analysis, and optimization – with the first two stages not requiring any cost data. 相似文献
We have synthesized pure nanocrystalline CeO2 powders of nearly spherical shape using high-energy attritor ball mill. Milling parameters such as the milling speed of 400 rpm, ball to powder ratio (40:1), milling time (30 h) and water cooled media were determined to be suitable for synthesizing nanosize (~10 nm) powders of CeO2. The powders after milling for various durations (up-to 50 h) were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. An average particle size of 10 nm was obtained at 30 h milling, after which the particle agglomeration started, and a mixture of nanocrystalline and amorphous phase was observed after 50 h milling. 相似文献
Polymer Nanocomposites are advanced engineering composites with enhanced properties. These materials play a central role in various industrial sectors. The growing awareness of the key parameters (which influence the physical properties) with different combination of matrix-reinforcement, are making them more attractive in various applications. Machining of these materials is a challenging task for engineers with their properties (hardness and brittleness) due to various combinations of matrix-reinforcement. Therefore, the aim of present work is to investigate the machining behaviour of Silicon Dioxide (silica) Epoxy Nanocomposite due to straight cutting by using Wire Electrochemical Spark Cutting (WECSC) process.
Method
A specific number of experiments were conducted based on one parameter at-a-time approach to study the effect of influencing input parameters.
Result
The effect of various process parameters namely voltage supply, electrolyte concentration, wire velocity, pulse-on time and silica particle concentration (Cp) such as 3%, 4% and 5% (weight percent) on performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness were demonstrated experimentally.
Conclusion
WECSC has been found effective technique for cutting of Silicon Dioxide Epoxy Nanocomposite. It is reported that MRR increases with decrease in silica particle concentration in Silicon Dioxide Epoxy Nanocomposite.
The custom design of protein–dendron amphiphilic macromolecules is at the forefront of macromolecular engineering. Macromolecules with this architecture are very interesting because of their ability to self-assemble into various biomimetic nanoscopic structures. However, to date, there are no reports on this concept due to technical challenges associated with the chemical synthesis. Towards that end, herein, a new chemical methodology for the modular synthesis of a suite of monodisperse, facially amphiphilic, protein–dendron bioconjugates is reported. Benzyl ether dendrons of different generations (G1–G4) are coupled to monodisperse cetyl ethylene glycol to form macromolecular amphiphilic activity-based probes (AABPs) with a single protein reactive functionality. Micelle-assisted protein labeling technology is utilized for site-specific conjugation of macromolecular AABPs to globular proteins to make monodisperse, facially amphiphilic, protein–dendron bioconjugates. These biohybrid conjugates have the ability to self-assemble into supramolecular protein nanoassemblies. Self-assembly is primarily mediated by strong hydrophobic interactions of the benzyl ether dendron domain. The size, surface charge, and oligomeric state of protein nanoassemblies could be systematically tuned by choosing an appropriate dendron or protein of interest. This chemical method discloses a new way to custom-make monodisperse, facially amphiphilic, protein–dendron bioconjugates. 相似文献
Work was performed to distinguish the role of sulfonate (–SO3?) and sulfate (–OSO3?) with respect to the micellization and clouding phenomenon in ionic surfactant solutions. The clouding phenomenon is a recent addition to the conventional one observed with nonionic surfactants. Three ionic surfactants [sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDSo)] are chosen and the effects of added tetra-n-pentylammonium bromide (TPeAB) and benzyl tributylammonium bromide (BTAC) have been studied on micellization and clouding behaviors in aqueous solution. Based on critical micelle concentration (CMC) and cloud point (CP) measurements, the following order has been observed: SDBS < SDS < SDSo. Though both SDBS and SDSo contain sulfonate groups, they are found at the two ends of the ordering. Therefore, the role of the phenyl ring is also having importance in clouding phenomena. For a typical surfactant, TPeAB was found to be more effective than BTAC. Based on the CP studies, two compositions of SDSo + TPeAB/BTAC were chosen and the effects of different additives (carbohydrate, amino acid, and l-ascorbic acid) on the CP were investigated. Additive may either decrease or increase CP, depending on the structure of the counterion or additive. The present work shows a few novelties: (1) headgroup/counterion dependence of CP and (2) hydrophobicity of counterion/surfactant has an important bearing on the phenomenon. The data can be utilised in improving cloud point extraction methodologies (CPEMs). 相似文献
Multiferroic composites of spinel ferrite and ferroelectric xCoFe2O4 – (1-x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (with x = 0.10,0.30,0.50) were efficiently prepared by standard solid state reaction mechanism. X-ray diffractometer was used to analyze crystal structure of the prepared composites. The observed XRD patterns of the composites comprise peaks of both the phases i.e. ferrite and ferroelectric, with no sign of secondary peaks. Rietveld refinement of XRD data further confirms the coexistence of these two phases with cubic (Fd3m) and rhombohedral (R3c) symmetry corresponding to ferrite and ferroelectric phase respectively. The 3-dimensional overview of crystal structure of pure CoFe2O4 and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and of composite 0.50CoFe2O4?0.50Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 is generated by using refined parameters. The dielectric constant (ε´) and dielectric loss (tanδ) values were recorded as a function of frequency ranging from 100?Hz to 7?MHz and at different temperatures. Both ε´ and tanδ follow dispersion pattern at lower frequencies while show frequency independent behavior at higher frequencies. The magnetic evaluation carried by analyzing M-H hysteresis loop reveals the ferrimagnetic characteristics of these composites. The highest value of magnetic moment is 1.12μB observed for composite 0.50CoFe2O4 – 0.50Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficient (α) was also demonstrated to observe the interaction between ferrite and ferroelectric phases. The highest value of α (72.72μV/Oe cm) is obtained for low ferrite composition 0.10CoFe2O4 – 0.90Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, which suggests the dependence of magnetoelectric response on the resistivity of the composites. 相似文献
The post‐translational conjugation of the small ubiquitin‐like modifiers (SUMOs) to target proteins occurs through a complex machinery that involves sequential action of at least three enzymes. SUMOylation performs crucial regulatory functions in several cellular processes. The availability of well‐defined SUMO conjugates is necessary for untangling the mechanism of SUMOylation. However, assembly of homogeneous SUMO conjugates represents a challenge because of the multi‐step synthesis involved and the unwieldiness of the reconstituted biosynthetic systems. Here we describe a simple one‐step chemoenzymatic strategy for conjugating engineered SUMO (eSUMO) proteins to a prefabricated isopeptide‐linked SUMO target peptide. Notably, the eSUMOs were efficiently recognized by the enzymes of the SUMOylation machinery and the SUMO conjugates served as bona fide substrates for DeSUMOylating enzymes. 相似文献
This paper reports a kinetic model for the selfepoxidation of oleic acid with toluene as solvent and Novozym 435 (a commercially available preparation of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase) as catalyst at 30°C. The effects of various parameters on the conversion and rates of reaction were studied. Both the initial rate and the progress curve data were used to fit an ordered bi-bi model. At low temperatures, the rate of epoxidation was faster than the rate of deactivation of the enzyme by hydrogen peroxide. 相似文献