Integration of Mobile-IP and OLSR for a Universal Mobility

Trends in fourth generation (4G) wireless networks are clearly identified by the full-IP concept where all traffic (data, control, voice and video services, etc.) will be transported in IP packets. Many proposals are being made to enhance IP with the functionalities necessary to manage the mobility of nodes, so that networks can provide global seamless roaming between heterogeneous wireless and wired networks. In this paper, we focus on the management of universal mobility, including both large scale macro-mobility and local scale micro-mobility. We propose a hierachical architecture (i) extending micro-mobility management of a wireless access network to an ad-hoc access network, (ii) connecting this ad-hoc network to the Internet and (iii) integrating Mobile IP and OLSR, a routing protocol for ad-hoc networks, to manage universal mobility. This architecture is validated by an implementation based on DynamicsMobile-IP and OLSR version 7. We show how the brodcast of Mobile-IP Agent Advertisement can be optimized using OLSR MPR-flooding.     

Vitamin E protects chick tissues againstex vivo oxidation of heme protein

Protection by dietary vitamin E againstex vivo oxidation of heme proteins in liver and heart tissues of chicks was studied. A previously developed assay consisting of deconvoluting spectra obtained from tissue homogenates to measure oxidation of heme proteins proved successful. Compared to liver and heart from chicks fed the basal diet, the tissues from chicks receiving vitamin E exhibited less oxidation.     

Computationally efficient models for quantization effects in MOSelectron and hole accumulation layers

In this paper, models appropriate for device simulators are developed which account for the quantum mechanical nature of accumulated regions. Accumulation layer quantization is important in deep submicron (⩽0.25 μm) MOS devices in the overlapped source/drain extension regions, in accumulation mode SOI devices, and in buried-channel PMOS structures. Computationally efficient models suitable for routine device simulation are presented that predict the reduction of the accumulated net electron (hole) sheet charge when quantization of the electron (hole) accumulation region is accounted for. The results of comparisons with self-consistent simulations support the validity of these models. In addition, simulation results will be shown which illustrate that when inversion layer quantum mechanical effects are modeled, it is also necessary to account for accumulation layer quantum mechanical effects in order to obtain more physically accurate as well as numerically stable solutions     

Abnormal grain growth in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel

An experimental study on the grain growth of a medium-carbon V-Ti microalloyed steel with two levels of AIN has been carried out. A system to study grain-size distributions in order to detect the abnormal grain growth has been proposed. Log-normal distributions were verified and then properties of normal distributions were applied to distinguish normal and abnormal grains. The benefits of working with the relative difference (RD) of grain size in order to compare the grain-growth behaviour have been discussed. It was experimentally concluded that abnormal growth appears when RD is larger than 2.5. From the results a map of abnormal grain growth against time and temperature could be plotted. It was concluded that abnormal grain growth is due to the AIN dissolution when the above maps are correlated with the theoretical volume fraction of precipitates. The importance and effect of heating rate have also been shown: high heating rates can produce abnormal growth at higher temperatures than those of the equilibrium dissolution.     

Analysis of sectoral energy and exergy use of Saudi Arabia

This paper presents the analysis of sectoral energy and exergy utilization of Saudi Arabia by considering the energy and exergy flows for the 12 years between 1990 and 2001. Sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained for the subsectors and the devices used in each sector. Energy and exergy flow diagrams for Saudi Arabia are also presented, respectively, to illustrate the situation on how energy and exergy efficiencies vary in each sector. The residential sector appears to be the most energy efficient sector, and the industrial sector to be the most exergy efficient. It is believed that the current methodology is useful for analyzing sectoral energy and exergy utilization, which will help Saudi Arabia with energy savings through energy efficiency and/or energy conservation measures. It is also be helpful to establish standards to facilitate application in various sectors and processes for a sustainable energy planning. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fractionation and analysis of fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation

The fluorescence excitation spectrum of model conjugated Schiff base compounds that arise from the reaction of malonaldehyde with amino acids was shown to contain a maximum at 260–280 nm in addition to the previously observed maximum at 350–390 nm. Excitation at either maximum results in emission at a single maximum at 440–480 nm. The excitation and emission maxima of the model fluorescent compounds, together with the characteristic reductions in fluorescence intensity caused by alkaline pH or heavy metal coordination, provide criteria with which to examine lipid peroxidation products for the presence of the conjugated Schiff base fluorophore. Silicic acid column chromatography and silica gel thin layer chromatography were employed to fractionate the fluorescent products of model lipid peroxidation systems and of rat testicular lipid soluble extracts. These products contained large families of compounds whose fluorescence characteristics were the same as those of the Schiff base floorophores. The fractionation methods used enabled more thorough fluorescence characterization of many of the products of lipid peroxidation, but the fluores-cence criteria available do not provide definitive proof of structure.