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The Maxim's Electron Scatter Chamber (Maxim Chamber) was developed to obtain uniform dose distribution when applying electron beam (e-beam) irradiation to materials of irregular surface. This was achieved by placing a stainless steel mesh surrounding a cylindrical area where the target sample was placed. Upon contact with the mesh, electrons scatter and are directed onto the target from multiple angles, eliminating the e-beam linearity and resulting in a uniform dose distribution over the target surface. The effect of irradiation in the Maxim Chamber on dose distribution and pathogen reduction was tested on rabbit carcasses to simulate other larger carcasses. The dose uniformity ratio (DUR) on the rabbit carcasses was 1.8, indicating an acceptable dose distribution. On inoculated carcasses, this treatment reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7 by > 5 log cycles. These results indicate that carcass irradiation using e-beam is feasible using the Maxim's electron scattering chamber. Appropriate adjustments will be further needed for commercial application on beef and other animal carcasses. 相似文献
73.
Alejandro Ramirez 《Journal of Materials Science》2014,49(20):7087-7098
It is accepted that hydrogen transport capacity through carbons depends on the anisotropy of the empty spaces that constitute their porous structure. However, very little is known about this relationship. Computational simulation is an excellent tool to accomplish this kind of studies. Simulation requires digital representations of materials and a model describing the interaction potential among the gas molecules and the solids surfaces. In this work, it is proposed to use the analytical solutions of the truncated pore problem for modeling the potentials, and an immiscible lattice gas for obtaining the representations. The degree of anisotropy was quantified by using the mean intercept length method. The adsorption isotherms and the self-diffusion coefficients in the three orthogonal directions were found by the grand canonical and kinetic Monte Carlo methods, respectively. The results suggest the existence of a gas pressure at which a molecular saturation threshold (P s) is reached. P s determines if the degree of anisotropy is or not a representative variable of diffusive transport. For P ≤ P s, the degree of anisotropy favors the molecular mobility. When P > P s, the degree of anisotropy loses influence on mobility. 相似文献
74.
Amanda Siwik Erica Pensini Braulio Macias Rodriguez Alejandro G. Marangoni Christopher M. Collier Brent Sleep 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2020,137(11):48465
This study investigated the potential effect of shear rheology and humic acids (HA) on the subsurface transport of polymeric fluids used for the remediation of contaminants. Polymeric fluids were prepared with guar, scleroglucan, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Guar fluids can be used to suspend reactive particles for contaminant degradation. Fluids prepared with 2.5 g/L of guar in water were viscous, and the crosslinker borax (1 g/L) made them viscoelastic. Microfluidics experiments showed that the increase in elasticity blocked the flow of guar in 350 μm channels. Guar, CMC, or scleroglucan fluids containing sodium thiosulfate can be used to trap toxic Cr(VI) in the subsurface and reduce it to harmless Cr(III). Trapping of Cr(VI) is achieved by the gelation of the fluids upon contact with chromium. Before mixing with chromium, HA did not affect the flow of CMC, guar, and scleroglucan in microfluidic channels. Quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring experiments indicates that HA reduced sorption of guar onto silica, potentially promoting the transport of guar fluids in sandy aquifers. While HA slightly decreased the rate of gelation of CMC and scleroglucan upon contact with chromium, it did not affect the fast gelation rate of guar. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48465. 相似文献
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Alejandro Saborío-Montero Adrían López-García Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas Raquel Atxaerandio Idoia Goiri Aser García-Rodriguez José A. Jiménez-Montero Carmen González Javier Tamames Fernando Puente-Sánchez Luis Varona Magdalena Serrano Cristina Ovilo Oscar González-Recio 《Journal of dairy science》2021,104(7):8135-8151
The rumen is a complex microbial system of substantial importance in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and feed efficiency. This study proposes combining metagenomic and host genomic data for selective breeding of the cow hologenome toward reduced methane emissions. We analyzed nanopore long reads from the rumen metagenome of 437 Holstein cows from 14 commercial herds in 4 northern regions in Spain. After filtering, data were treated as compositional. The large complexity of the rumen microbiota was aggregated, through principal component analysis (PCA), into few principal components (PC) that were used as proxies of the core metagenome. The PCA allowed us to condense the huge and fuzzy taxonomical and functional information from the metagenome into a few PC. Bivariate animal models were applied using these PC and methane production as phenotypes. The variability condensed in these PC is controlled by the cow genome, with heritability estimates for the first PC of ~0.30 at all taxonomic levels, with a large probability (>83%) of the posterior distribution being >0.20 and with the 95% highest posterior density interval (95%HPD) not containing zero. Most genetic correlation estimates between PC1 and methane were large (≥0.70), with most of the posterior distribution (>82%) being >0.50 and with its 95%HPD not containing zero. Enteric methane production was positively associated with relative abundance of eukaryotes (protozoa and fungi) through the first component of the PCA at phylum, class, order, family, and genus. Nanopore long reads allowed the characterization of the core rumen metagenome using whole-metagenome sequencing, and the purposed aggregated variables could be used in animal breeding programs to reduce methane emissions in future generations. 相似文献
78.
Alejandro Torres-Haro Melchor Arellano-Plaza Juan C. Mateos-Díaz Hugo Espinosa-Andrews Gustavo A. Castillo-Herrera 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2022,57(2):1040-1049
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the most attractive natural sources of astaxanthin. The yeast produces the compound intracellularly, therefore, it is necessary to evaluate cell rupture methods using clean and efficient technologies for its extraction and it subsequent use in industries. At present work, two non-conventional high-pressure extraction methods were evaluated for astaxanthin recovery: Supercritical fluid extraction and microfluidisation. Results: Effect of pressure (15, 30, and 45 Megapascals; MPa), Temperature (313 and 343 °K) and usage of co-solvent were studied in supercritical extraction process, meanwhile the effect of microfluidisation process (five stages and 160 MPa) for cell rupture and its combination with conventional technics (lithic enzymes, glass beads and ultrasonication) for the recovery of astaxanthin were evaluated. Supercritical fluid extraction presented a higher astaxanthin recovery, 54% yield extraction, at 32.5 MPa and 313 °K, and using ethanol as co-solvent, compared to a 31% yield extraction by mean microfluidisation process at 160 MPa combined with 15 min of sonication (amplitude of 80%). 相似文献
79.
J. Oliva C. Gomez-Solis J.A. Pinedo Escobar M.A. Vallejo D. Garcia de la Cruz C.R. Garcia E. Puentes-Prado 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(11):7926-7938
This work reports the performance of TiO2/BiI3 and TiO2/PbI2 nanocomposites for hydrogen generation. BiI3 and PbI2 quantum dots (QDs) were grown on TiO2 (P25 Degussa) using a fast injection method. According to the analysis by X-ray diffraction, the nanocomposites have a mixture of anatase, rutile and cubic phases from TiO2, BiI3 and PbI2. The images obtained from transmission electron microscopy revealed that the TiO2 support have sizes in the range of 70–220 nm while the QDs of BiI3 and PbI2 (co-catalysts) grown on TiO2 have sizes in the range of 12–17 nm. The presence of these iodides on TiO2 created oxygen vacancies defects (confirmed by photoluminescence measurements) that extended the light absorption of TiO2 from the UV to the VIS range. According to the results from the photocatalytic experiments for hydrogen generation (achieved using pure water and UV-VIS light), the hydrogen generation rates produced by the TiO2/BiI3 and TiO2/PbI2 nanocomposites were 437–580 times, 81–108 times and 21–30 times, higher than these for pure TiO2, PbI2 and BiI3, respectively. The maximum hydrogen generation rates of the TiO2/BiI3 and TiO2/PbI2 nanocomposites were 290.7 and 219.2 μmol h?1 g?1, respectively. In addition, the TiO2/BiI3 and TiO2/PbI2 nanocomposites contained defects that acted as electron trapping centers, which in turn, delayed the electron-hole recombination and this favored the photocatalytic generation of H2. Moreover, the heterojunction formed between the TiO2 and the iodides allowed the transfer of electrons from the conduction band of TiO2 toward the conduction band of the iodides, creating a “sink” for the electrons which delayed the electron hole recombination. The results presented here demonstrated that the deposition of iodide co-catalyst on TiO2 is a feasible option to enhance the hydrogen generation. 相似文献
80.
Rocio Velázquez Alejandro Hernández Alberto Martín Emilio Aranda Gustavo Gallardo Teresa Bartolomé Maria G. Córdoba 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2014,49(3):830-839
Several quality parameters of smoked, oven‐dried and sun‐dried paprikas were studied. Smoked paprikas showed the highest American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) units and pigment concentrations, whereas oven‐dried paprikas showed the best browning index and red/yellow pigment ratio, and sun‐dried paprikas had the highest redness for reflected colour. The colour stability results showed drastic overall colour change (ΔE) and decreased redness and ASTA units of the sun‐dried and oven‐dried paprikas after two and 5 days of UV exposure. Degradation of the smoked paprika colour parameters was progressive, and they showed less degradation even after 30 days. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity showed higher DPPH radical‐scavenging capacity in the smoked samples. The profiles of volatile phenolic compounds of the smoked samples are responsible for the differences in the antioxidant capacity. The great differences in colour stability and antioxidant activity make smoked paprika the best choice for use in the food industry. 相似文献