浅析燕云十六州的战略价值

后晋天福三年(938年),"儿皇帝"石敬瑭"履约"向契丹割献燕云十六州.从此,中原王朝丧失了抵御北方游牧民族入侵的天然屏障,北方门户大开.宋代,燕云地区的争夺几乎贯穿了十至十二世纪北宋与辽金战争的整个过程.事实上,后人所指的"燕云十六州"与石敬瑭割辽的十六州在名称、时间和地域上有很大的差别;燕云地区内的险峻的山脉、横贯的河流与长城、五关一起构成了其巨大的军事价值;富庶的经济,众多的人口又构成了该地区巨大的经济价值;从历史上看,燕云十六州的归属于中原王朝和北方游牧民族政权双方而言,战略意义重大.     

The effect of support morphology on the reaction of oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene at short contact times

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is carried out in short contact time reactors over Pt and LaMnO₃ based catalysts supported on a large number of different ceramic substrates (45, 60 and 80 ppi foam monoliths and 200, 400, 600, 900 and 1200 cpsi honeycomb monoliths). Experimental results, obtained under the same conditions at varying the C₂H₆/O₂ ratio, showed that the highest performance in terms of ethylene selectivity and yield is always attained on LaMnO₃ catalysts. Furthermore, the results are significantly influenced by the morphology and cell density of the support, with 45 and 60 ppi foams and 400 and 600 cpsi honeycombs giving the best performance. The experimental results are explained by means of geometrical and fluid dynamic considerations on the support, and by means of a 2D mathematical model, which clearly indicates an optimal intermediate cell density for maximising ethylene selectivity and yield.     

Development of calibration models for quality control in the production of ethylene/propylene copolymers by FTIR spectroscopy,multivariate statistical tools,and artificial neural networks

Principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), StepWise ordinary least squares regression (OLS), and back‐propagation artificial neural network (BP‐ANN) are applied here for the determination of the propylene concentration of a set of 83 production samples of ethylene–propylene copolymers from their infrared spectra. The set of available samples was split into (a) a training set, for models calculation; (b) a test set, for selecting the correct number of latent variables in PCR and PLS and the end point of the training phase of BP‐ANN; (c) a production set, for evaluating the predictive ability of the models. The predictive ability of the models is thus evaluated by genuine predictions. The model obtained by StepWise OLS turned out to be the best one, both in fitting and prediction. The study of the breakdown number of samples to be included in the training set showed that at least 52 experiments are necessary to build a reliable and predictive calibration model. It can be concluded that FTIR spectroscopy and OLS can be properly employed for monitoring the synthesis or the final product of ethylene–propylene copolymers, by predicting the concentration of propylene directly along the process line. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Synthesis and characterization of novel copolymer containing pyridylazo-2-naphthoxyl group via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization

A novel monomer containing pyridylazo-2-naphthoxyl group, 1-(1-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)diazene (VBNPA), was successfully synthesized and copolymerized with styrene (St) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using 2-cyanoprop-2-yl-1-dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as RAFT agent. The polymerization behavior exhibited “living”/controlled characters. The obtained copolymer, poly(St-co-VBNPA), with pre-determinable molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution can be used as a carrier in metal ion detection and analysis via pre-concentration technique. The copolymer–metal ion (copper (Cu) and europium (Eu)) complexes were prepared and characterized.     

Ergodicity of filtering process by vanishing discount approach

A new approach to study ergodicity of filtering processes is presented. It is based on the vanishing discount approach to discounted functional of filtering process. We show that limit superior of the Cesaro averages of the functionals is the same for all initial conditions from which the uniqueness of invariant measures of filtering processes follows. The approach is based on certain assumption for which we provide a sufficient condition using concavity arguments. In addition we show the existence of solutions to the Poisson equation corresponding to filtering process with concave functional. The assumptions are then extended to the controlled case and using similar concave arguments we obtain the existence of solutions to the Bellman equation corresponding to partially observed average cost per unit time problem.     

Rorschach cognitive developmental indices of mentally retarded persons: a comparison with scores on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-revised

The complete mechanism by which pathogenic mtDNA mutations cause cellular pathophysiology and in some cases cell death is unclear. Oxidant stress is especially toxic to excitable nerve and muscle cells, cells that are often affected in mitochondrial disease. The sensitivity of cells bearing the LHON, MELAS, and MERRF mutations to oxidant stress was determined. All were significantly more sensitive to H2O2 exposure than their nonmutant cybrid controls, the order of sensitivity was MELAS > LHON > MERRF > controls. Depletion of Ca2+ from the medium protected all cell lines from oxidant stress, consistent with the hypothesis that death induced by oxidant stress is Ca(2+)-dependent. A potential downstream target of Ca2+ is the mitochondrial permeability transition, MPT, which is inhibited by cyclosporin A. Treatment of MELAS, LHON, and MERRF cells with cyclosporin A caused significant rescue from oxidant exposure, and in each case significantly greater rescue of mutant than control cells. The pronounced oxidant-sensitivity of mutant cells, and their protection by Ca2+ depletion and CsA, has potential implications for both the pathophysiological mechanism and therapy of these mitochondrial genetic diseases.     

In vivo roles of receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors in early thymocyte development

The early phases of T-cell development require both cell-cell interactions and soluble factors provided by stromal cells within the thymic microenvironment. Still, the precise nature of the signals delivered in vivo by cytokines (resulting in survival, proliferation or differentiation) remains unclear. Recent studies using mice deficient in cytokines or in their receptors have helped to identify essential signaling pathways required for the development of intrathymic precursors to mature alpha beta and gamma delta T cells. In addition, cytokine requirements for the development of natural killer cells were revealed in such mutants. The results obtained demonstrate that the development of all classes of lymphocytes (natural killer, gamma delta T cells and alpha beta T cells) is cytokine dependent, but the specific requirements differ for each lineage.     

Health resort treatment of eye diseases caused by ischemia]

The authors discuss the results of ophthalmodynamometric tests used for the assessment of cerebro-retinal vessels reactivity following carbon dioxide baths and "peat collars". An analysis of systemic and local blood pressure in the ophthalmic artery measured with Weigelin and Lobstein technique enables to assess changes in blood pressures following a/m balneologic procedures. It was found that blood pressure does not change parallelly due to the mechanism of cerebral autoregulation. Transient decrease in blood pressure in the ophthalmic artery is produced by the dilatation of the internal carotid artery indicating a potent vasodilating action of carbon dioxide.     

The Structure of the Irreversibly Bound Adhesion Promoter-Substrate Interfacial Layer of γ-Aminopropylsilanetriol on Crystalline Si, as Measured by XPS and FTIR

The irreversibly bound interfacial layer deposited by the γ-aminopropysilanetriol adhesion promoter onto a crystalline silicon substrate, which remains even after profuse washing, was found by XPS to have resulted from the fragmentation and rearrangement of the original γ-aminopropylsilanetriol molecule. A mechanism is proposed, involving the homolytic scission of the terminal N-C bond. One of the subsequent reactions is believed to involve hydrogen loss by abstraction and the formation of a terminal vinyl group, which bonds to the substrate. Support for this mechanism is found in IR spectroscopy of this layer.