纵向旋转切削加工对环形零件畸变的影响

通过旋转试验和有限元分析介绍了工件在切削加工过程中产生的畸变情况，分析了工件的装夹方式、切削速度、切削深度和进刀量对100Cr6钢环圆度的影响。通过去应力退火释放冷加工诱发的残余应力后工件的圆度与切削参数有关。另外测试了被试验环的表面残余应力，其表面残余应力与装夹方式有关。将测量的装夹力作为计算参数输入，通过有限元分析方法测试了装夹方式对工件变形的影响。协同测量结果示出了装夹方式影响工件变形的一个主要因素，表面残余应力与工件的径向变形有关，最大的拉伸应力位于夹口位置。旋转切削试验结果表明，提高切削速度圆度会稍有增加；随着切削深度的加大，圆度呈下降趋势，尽管切削力增加了；进给量的增加会导致更高的切削力，因此圆度值也增加；常规的去应力退火可使被加工环的圆度值增加。     

Ni/Al Intermetallics Plasma Transferred Arc Processing

TAILORING COMPONENT SUFACES for elevatedtemperature operations has been a goal of researchersduring the last century.Process and material selectionare the key factors for this development.In particularlythe latter can be described to have started with thedevelopment of stainless steels.Ni and Co based alloys,the superalloys,attended the increasing technologicaldemands for higher service temperatures(1).Morerecently the higher operating temperatures ofequipments,such as gas turbines,r…     

The Influence of High Temperature Exposure on the Wear Performance of a Ni Based Alloy PTA Coating

Degradation phenomena like wear and corrosion, may have their effects accelerated as components operate at high temperature. The aim of this work is to make an indirect evaluation of the influence of high temperature exposure on wear behavior of Ni coatings. A Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy, was deposited with Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) process. An indirect approach based on the Ahrrenius relationship was used to evaluated long time exposures at high temperatures. To simulate longer exposures at lower temperatures, coatings were exposed to higher temperatures for the same time interval. So coatings were soaked in an air furnace at 650℃, 1000℃ and 1200℃. Metal/metal wear behavior was evaluated by pin-on-disc tests. Pins were removed from the coatings by eletrodischarge machining and rubbed against a VC31 quenched and tempered tool steel. Two sets of wear tests were run at 2m/s, for different loads (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0Kg) and for different sliding distances (120, 720, 1080, 1440 and 1800m).Coatings characterization was done by scanning electronic microscopy and Vickers microhardness. Results showed as temperature is increased, coatings wear performance is altered,and this is associated with microstructural changes.     

Flame-Sprayed Glaze Coatings: Effects of Operating Parameters and Feedstock Characteristics Onto Coating Structures

Many substrates do not sustain the conventional glazing process (i.e., vitreous glazing) due to the relatively high temperature required by this treatment (i.e., up to 1400 °C in some cases) to fuse glazes after their application on the surface to be covered. Flame spraying could appear as a solution to circumvent this limitation and to avoid thermal decomposition of substrates. This contribution describes some structural attributes of glaze coatings manufactured by flame spraying. It also discusses the influence of the feedstock powder morphology and some of its physical properties on coating characteristics. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

The Zr-Ni-Cr system at 1000 °C in the ZrCr2-ZrNi-Ni-Cr region

The isothermal section of the Zr-Ni-Crternary system was determined at 1000 °C in the ZrCr₂-ZrNiNi-Cr region. The nature and composition of the phases involved in the different equilibria were determined by metallographic analysis, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. Substitution of Cr by Ni in the Laves phase ZrCr₂ is possible in large quantities resulting in the formation of ternary Laves phases. However formation of the ZrNi₂ compound was not observed. This substitution reduces the content of Zr and induces transformations from C15 to C14 and to the C15 structure through two two-phase regions.     

Biofilm Responses to Flow Regulation by Dams in Mediterranean Rivers

Dams regulate downstream hydrology and modify water quality, which in turn can impinge on the biota, especially in rivers naturally subject to large hydrological variability, such as those under Mediterranean climate. The effect of dams on biofilms was analysed in three tributaries (Cinca, Siurana and Montsant) of the Ebro River (NE Spain). We hypothesized that flow regulation would lead to lower spatial variability of biofilms on the streambed and to a decrease in their metabolic rate per unit biomass, especially during low flow periods. Biofilm characteristics were studied in five transects evenly spaced along river reaches upstream (control) and downstream (impact) of dams in each river, along with riverbed granulometry, hydraulics and water chemistry. Chlorophyll‐a, respiratory activity, photosynthetic capacity and efficiency, and extracellular enzymatic activities (β‐d ‐glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase) of epilithic biofilms were measured in different seasons. Spatial variability of chemical and biological variables was reduced downstream of the dams. Chlorophyll‐a concentration, photosynthetic efficiency and respiration capacity were higher in impact than in control reaches, but generally, low inorganic phosphorus concentrations resulted in comparable phosphatase activities downstream and upstream of dams. On the other hand, β‐d ‐glucosidase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase activities were higher at impact reaches. Biofilms were thicker and metabolically more active at the impact reaches, with higher ability to transform dissolved organic matter. Overall, results from this study provide evidence that dams can largely affect the structure and activity of river biofilms, with foreseeable important consequences for river ecosystem functioning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beyond multi-adjoint logic programming

In ‘multi-adjoint logic programming’, MALP in brief, each fuzzy logic program is associated with its own ‘multi-adjoint lattice’ for modelling truth degrees beyond the simpler case of true and false, where a large set of fuzzy connectives can be defined. On this wide repertoire, it is crucial to connect each implication symbol with a proper conjunction thus conforming constructs of the form (←_i, &_i) called ‘adjoint pairs’, whose use directly affects both declarative and operational semantics of the MALP framework. In this work, we firstly show how the strong dependence of adjoint pairs can be largely weakened for an interesting ‘sub-class’ of MALP programs. Then, we reason in a similar way till conceiving a ‘super-class’ of fuzzy logic programs beyond MALP, which definitively drops out the need for using adjoint pairs, since the new semantics behaviour relies on much more relaxed lattices than multi-adjoint ones.     

Stabilised finite element methods for a bending moment formulation of the Reissner-Mindlin plate model

This work presents new stabilised finite element methods for a bending moments formulation of the Reissner-Mindlin plate model. The introduction of the bending moment as an extra unknown leads to a new weak formulation, where the symmetry of this variable is imposed strongly in the space. This weak problem is proved to be well-posed, and stabilised Galerkin schemes for its discretisation are presented and analysed. The finite element methods are such that the bending moment tensor is sought in a finite element space constituted of piecewise linear continuos and symmetric tensors. Optimal error estimates are proved, and these findings are illustrated by representative numerical experiments.     

Global Atmospheric Profiles from Reanalysis Information (GAPRI): a new database for earth surface temperature retrieval

This paper presents the Global Atmospheric Profiles derived from Reanalysis Information (GAPRI) database, which was designed for earth surface temperature retrieval. GAPRI is a comprehensive compilation of selected atmospheric vertical profiles at global scale which can be used for radiative transfer simulation in order to obtain generalized algorithms to estimate land surface temperature (LST). GAPRI includes information on geopotential height, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis data from year 2011. The atmospheric profiles are structured for 29 vertical levels and extracted from a global spatial grid of about 0.75° × 0.75° latitude–longitude with a temporal resolution of 6 hours. The selection method is based in the extraction of clear sky profiles over different atmospheric weather conditions such as tropical, mid-latitude summer, subarctic, and arctic, while also considering sea and land areas and day- and night-time conditions. The GAPRI database was validated by comparing land and sea surface temperature values derived from it to those obtained using other existing atmospheric profile databases and in situ measurements. Moreover, GAPRI was also compared to previous radiosonde atmospheric profiles using simulated split-window algorithms. Results show good agreement between GAPRI and previous atmospheric databases, thus demonstrating the potential of GAPRI for studies related to forward simulations in the thermal infrared range. GAPRI is a freely available database that can be modified according to the user’s needs and local atmospheric conditions.