Performance of New Biodegradable Di‐Sulfonate Surfactants as Hydrotropes in High‐Temperature and Salinity Environments

Propyl alkyl ether sulfonate (PAES) surfactants, recently developed by The Dow Chemical Company, show excellent electrolyte, hard water and caustic solubility, with attractive ECOTOX profile and biodegradability. Due to their unique structure and properties, they are good candidates for use as hydrotropes in formulations containing nonionic surfactants. The goal of these studies was to evaluate hydrotropic efficiency of PAES materials via cloud point analysis. The effects of PAES alkyl tail length, concentration, and mono‐ and di‐sulfonate components on the cloud point of TERGITOL? 15‐S‐9 in solutions of varying electrolyte strength were investigated. In the presence of high electrolyte levels, PAES 12C had the highest hydrotropic efficiency of all materials tested, including commonly used commercial hydrotropes. Di‐sulfonate components of the PAES materials were found to be more efficient hydrotropes than mono‐sulfonate in high electrolyte environments for all tail lengths tested. The di/mono ratio and tail length were found to be critical parameters.     

Applying the Traditional Solution Melt Polymerization for the in situ Intercalation of Polyamide 6.6‐Clay Nanocomposites

The traditional PA 6.6 production route, i.e. solution melt polymerization followed by extrusion, is applied to the in situ intercalation of PA 6.6/clay nanocomposites. Organoclays of different types are tested and the derived nanocomposites are thoroughly characterized in terms of molecular weight, thermal properties and morphology. Reaction acceleration is found in the presence of fully exchanged organoclays, which is attributed to a chain extension mechanism based on clay SiOH groups. Analysis of the nanocomposites' nanostructure indicates that the applied solution melt polymerization process results in some flocculation of the tested organoclays, which is improved in some cases after extrusion and leads to partially exfoliated nanocomposites.

     

Syngas production from H2O and CO2 over Zn particles in a packed‐bed reactor

The solar thermochemical production of H₂ and CO (syngas) from H₂O and CO₂ is examined via a two‐step cycle based on Zn/ZnO redox reactions. The first, endothermic step is the thermolysis of the ZnO driven by concentrated solar energy. The second, nonsolar step is the exothermic reaction of Zn with a mixture of H₂O and CO₂ yielding syngas and ZnO; the latter is recycled to the first step. A series of experimental runs of the second step was carried out in a packed‐bed reactor where ZnO particles provided an effective inert support for preventing sintering and enabling simple and complete recycling to the first, solar step. Experimentation was performed for Zn mass fractions in the range of 33–67 wt % Zn‐ZnO, and inlet gas concentrations in the range 0–75% H₂O–CO₂, yielding molar Zn‐to‐ZnO conversions up to 91%. A 25 wt % Zn‐ZnO sample mixture produced from the solar thermolysis of ZnO was tested in the same reactor setup and exhibited high reactivity and conversions up to 96%. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Liquid phase growth of graphene on silicon carbide

We developed a novel method to produce graphene on silicon carbide (SiC) at a temperature as low as 1000 °C. The method is based on liquid phase growth (LPG) of graphene mediated by liquid gallium, which acts not only as a flux to store carbon dissolved from a surface of SiC when heated, but also as a catalyst to promote the formation of graphene on SiC when cooled. Our experimental results revealed that gallium-treated SiC substrates are coated with uniform and continuous graphene films. The LPG method is able to supply graphene films consisting of one to several hundreds of layers, depending on heating temperatures. Our approach can not only provide an alternative way to form graphene natively on SiC, but will also bring a technological breakthrough in industrial applications of graphene, e.g. the realization of graphene-on-insulator substrates.     

Effect of Nanoparticles on Viscosity and Interfacial Tension of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions at High Salinity and High Temperature

Surfactant flooding has widely been used as one of the chemically enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. Surfactants majorly influence the interfacial tension, γ, between oil and brine phase and control capillary number and relative permeability behavior and, thus, influence ultimate recovery. Additives, such as nanoparticles, are known to affect surfactant properties and are regarded as promising EOR agents. However, their detailed interactions with surfactants are not well understood. Thus, in this work, we examined the influence of silica nanoparticles on the ability of surfactants to lower γ and to increase viscosity at various temperatures and salinities. Results show that the presence of nanoparticles decreased γ between n-decane and various surfactant formulations by up to 20%. It was found that γ of nanoparticles–surfactant solutions passed through a minimum at 35 °C when salt was added. Furthermore, the viscosity of cationic surfactant solutions increased at specific salt (1.5 wt.%) and nanoparticle (0.05 wt.%) concentrations. Results illustrate that selected nanoparticles–surfactant formulations appear very promising for EOR as they can lower brine/n-decane interfacial tension and act as viscosity modifiers of the injected fluids.     

A Genomics-Based Model for Prediction of Severe Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Calcification

Severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification is a significant problem in cardiovascular surgery. Unfortunately, clinical markers did not demonstrate efficacy in prediction of severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification. Here, we examined whether a genomics-based approach is efficient in predicting the risk of severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification. A total of 124 consecutive Russian patients who underwent mitral valve replacement surgery were recruited. We investigated the associations of the inherited variation in innate immunity, lipid metabolism and calcium metabolism genes with severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification. Genotyping was conducted utilizing the TaqMan assay. Eight gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification and were therefore included into stepwise logistic regression which identified male gender, the T/T genotype of the rs3775073 polymorphism within the TLR6 gene, the C/T genotype of the rs2229238 polymorphism within the IL6R gene, and the A/A genotype of the rs10455872 polymorphism within the LPA gene as independent predictors of severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification. The developed genomics-based model had fair predictive value with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.73. In conclusion, our genomics-based approach is efficient for the prediction of severe bioprosthetic mitral valve calcification.     

Stress relaxation behavior of starch powder‐epoxy resin composites

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the quasi‐static and the viscoelastic behavior of epoxy resin reinforced with starch powder. An increase in the elastic modulus on the order of 42% was achieved; a behavior that was predicted by the modulus prediction model (MPM). Next, the composite was subjected to flexural relaxation experiments, in order to determine the relaxation modulus, at different filler‐weight fractions and flexural deflections imposed. The viscoelastic models of the standard linear solid, the power law model and the residual property model (RPM) were applied in order to simulate/predict the stress relaxation curves. Predicted values derived from the application of the above models were compared to each‐other as well as to respective experimental findings. From the above comparison it was proved the superiority of the RPM model in predicting both the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic response of the materials investigated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41697.