Auflösungsverhalten von Dolomit in Stahlwerksschlacken sowie Grenzen der Löslichkeit und Folgen für den Feuerfestverschleiß

Das Auflösungsverhalten von gebranntem Dolomit wurde durch Schmelzversuche ermittelt, bei denen stahlwerksähnliche Schlakken mit einem Dolomittiegel reagierten. Die Auflösung des Tiegelmaterials in der Schlacke wurde dabei sowohl unter dem Aspekt des Schlackenbildners Dolomit als auch aus der Sicht MgO-haltigen Feuerfestmaterials ausgewertet. Es konnte verfolgt werden, wie die beiden unverbunden nebeneinander vorliegenden Hauptkomponenten des Dolomitkalks, CaO und MgO, entsprechend ihren jeweils treibenden Kräften, den Abständen zur Sättigung, unterschiedlich schnell in Lösung gehen. Trotz bevorzugter Auflösung des CaO erreicht das MgO wegen eines geringeren Abstandes zur Sättigung eher die Löslichkeitsgrenze, unterstützt durch den Effekt, daß bereits gelöstes CaO die MgO-Sättigungsgehalte erniedrigt, während umgekehrt MgO die CaO-Löslichkeit zunächst durch Zurückdrängen der Dicalciumsilikat-Ausscheidung (?C₂S-Nase”) deutlich, dann an der eigentlichen Kalksättigung noch leicht erhöht. Die Auflösung kommt durch eine rasche Sättigung an MgO zwar nicht völlig zum Stillstand, wird aber stark verlangsamt, so daß die metallurgisch wichtige Kalksättigung bei alleinigem Einsatz von Dolomitkalk als Schlackenbildner nicht erreicht werden kann. Darüberhinaus wird die Schlacke infolge der Übersättigung an MgO heterogen und viskos. Die Auflösung von magnesitischem Feuerfestmaterial konnte simuliert werden, indem nur das Verhalten der MgO-Komponente des Dolomits zu Beginn des Versuchs betrachtet wurde. Die verschleißmindernde Wirkung von MgO-Vorgaben zur angreifenden Schlacke wurde nachgewiesen. Ferner konnten durch Annahme einer diffusionsgesteuerten Auflösung in der ersten Phase des Versuchs Stoffübergangskoeffizienten des CaO und des MgO gewonnen werden.     

Modeling Steady-State Biofilms with Dual-Substrate Limitations

This Technical Note presents a systematic analysis of a steady-state biofilm model for the simultaneous utilization of an electron donor and an electron acceptor. It shows that the flux of the electron donor is balanced by the flux of the electron acceptor and the concentrations of the two substrates linearly depend on each other in a steady-state biofilm. An analytical solution can be derived for the substrate fluxes into the biofilm as direct functions of the bulk substrate concentrations. This analytical solution, not much more complicated than the one given by the classic single-substrate biofilm model, eliminates the need to identify the rate-liming factor from the two substrates prior to using it. Comparing the single-substrate and the dual-substrate biofilm models shows that the difference between the two for predicting the flux of the limiting substrate of a deep biofilm can be significant when the bulk concentration of the nonlimiting substrate becomes comparable with or less than its Monod half-saturation constant.     

Alpha-helical regions of the protein molecule as organic nanotubes

An α-helical region of protein molecule was considered in a model of nanotube. The molecule is in conditions of quantum excitations. Such model corresponds to a one-dimensional molecular nanocrystal with three molecules in an elementary cell at the presence of excitation. For the analysis of different types of conformational response of the α-helical area of the protein molecule on excitation, the nonlinear response of this area to the intramolecular quantum excitation caused by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is taken into account. It has been established that in the simplest case, three types of excitation are realized. As estimates show, each of them ‘serves’ different kinds of protein. The symmetrical type of excitation, most likely, is realized in the reduction of traversal-striped skeletal muscles. It has the highest excitation energy. This well protects from casual actions. Antisymmetric excitations have intermediate energy (between symmetrical and asymmetrical). They, most likely, are realized in membranous and nucleic proteins. It is shown that the conformational response of the α-helical region of the protein is (in angstroms) a quantity of order N _c /5, where N _c is the number of spiral turns. For the number of turns typical in this case: N _c  ~ 10, displacement compounds are a quantity of order 2 Å. It qualitatively corresponds to observable values. Asymmetrical excitations have the lowest energy. Therefore, most likely, they are realized in enzymatic proteins. It was shown that at this type of excitation, the bending of the α-helix is formally directed to the opposite side with respect to the antisymmetric excitations. Also, it has a greater value than the antisymmetric case for N _c  ≤ 14 and smaller for N _c  > 14.

PACS

92C05

MCS

36.20.Ey     

cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum(II) complexes reversibly bound to water-soluble polyaspartamide carriers for chemotherapeutic applications. II: Platinum coordination to ethylenediamine ligands attached to poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted carrier polymers

In continuation of previous investigations aiming at the development of macromolecular metal complexes for biomedical use, this communication describes poly(alkylene oxide)-grafted polymeric platinum complexes. The platinum-containing macromolecules are obtained from presynthesized polyaspartamide carriers bearing poly(ethylene/propylene oxide) side chains and hydroxyethyl side groups as hydrosolubilizing units in addition to ethylenediamine side group terminals for metal coordination. Platination is brought about by treatment of the carriers with tetrachloroplatinate(II) ion in aqueous solution at 25–60°C. pH 4–6. The polymeric products, purified by dialysis in aqueous solution, are isolated by freeze-drying in yields of 60–80%. Platinum contents are in the range of 4–15%. The metal is bound to the carrier through chelation with the ethylenediamine ligands, forming square-planarcis-dichloroethylenediamine-platinum(II) complex species as side-chain terminals. Initially, the product polymers dissolve smoothly in water. Although on room-temperature storage in the solid state they gradually turn insoluble as a consequence of intermolecular solid-state interaction, solubility is retained on low-temperature storage and in frozen aqueous solutions.     

Crosslinking of atactic polypropylene by the system peroxide-pentaerythritol tetraallyl ether

The influence of the concentration of peroxide (mainly dicumyl peroxide) and pentaerythritol tetraallyl ether as coagent and the effect of temperature on the crosslinking of atactic polypropylene (a-PP) with molar mass 12 000g/mol were investigated. Using this system, crosslinking of 40mass% of a-PP at 160°C was obtained. The problems associated with the mechanism for crosslinking of a-PP are discussed.     

Zur Optimierung der Synthese von Poly(p-phenylen-1,3,4-oxadiazol) in Oleum

By a new technique for the addition of monomers it is possible to increase the reproducibility of the synthesis of poly(1,4-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazoles) by one order of magnitude in relation to the known method, measured by the standard deviation of the relative viscosity of polymer solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid. This method leads to polymers with very high molecular weights under markedly milder reaction conditions and in shorter reaction times than by the classic method. The influence of the most important reaction parameters on the reaction rate and equilibrium of the polycondensation was investigated. An [η]/M_w-relation was established based on light-scattering and viscometric investigations of polymer solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid.