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101.
Pramod Kandanarachchi Andrew Guo Dmytro Demydov Zoran Petrovic 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(12):1221-1225
The kinetics and mechanism of the hydroformylation of soybean oil by homogeneous ligand-modified rhodium catalysts were investigated
at 70–130°C and 4000–11,000 kPa. The effects of reaction rates on systematic variations in reaction parameters were evaluated
in order to develop an industrial process to convert vegetable oils to polyaldehydes. The activation energies in the presence
of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) (61.1±0.8 kJ/mol) (mean±SD) and triphenyl phosphite [(PhO)3P] (77.4±5.0 kJ/mol) were determined. The catalyst was deactivated at temperatures higher than 100°C. An evaluation of the
effects of the reaction parameters on initial rates yielded the rate laws for Ph3P {rate=k [olefin][Rh(CO)2Acac]1.1 [Ph3P]−0.5 (pH2+pCO)1.4, where Rh(CO)2Acac is (acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium (I)} and (PhO)3P {rate=[olefin] [Rh(CO)2Acac]1.2 [(PhO)3P]−0.8 (pH2+pCO)0.9 at total pressures lower than 7000 kPa, and rate =[olefin] [Rh(CO)2Acac]1.2 [(PhO)3P]−0.8(pH2+pCO)1.7 at total pressures higher than 7000 kPa}. 相似文献
102.
In studies of feeding by the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus, two pine stilbenes (pinosylvin and pinosylvin methyl ether), ferulic acid glucoside, and enantiomers of the four most common sugars present in ponderosa pine phloem (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and raffinose) did not stimulate or reduce male feeding when assayed on wet -cellulose with or without stimulatory phloem extractives present. When allowed to feed on wet -cellulose containing sequential extracts (hexane, methanol, and water) of ponderosa pine phloem, methanol and water extractives stimulated feeding, but hexane extractives did not. Males confined in wet -cellulose containing aqueous or organic extracts of culture broths derived from phloem tissue and containing the root pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum, ingested less substrate than beetles confined to control preparations. In an assay using logs from uninoculated ponderosa pines, the mean lengths of phloem in the digestive tracts increased as time spent feeding increased. Males confined to the phloem of basal logs cut from ponderosa pines artificially inoculated with H. annosum ingested significantly less phloem than beetles in logs cut from trees that were (combined) mock-inoculated or uninoculated and did not contain the pathogen. However, individual pathogen-containing treatments were not significantly different from uninoculated controls. It was concluded that altered feeding rates are not a major factor which may explain why diseased ponderosa pines are colonized by I. paraconfusus. 相似文献
103.
Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human subjects? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly transform the nature of cancer diagnosis and cancer patient management in the
future. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology.
QDs are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles suitable for multiplexed in vitro and in vivo imaging. Numerous studies on
QDs have resulted in major advancements in QD surface modification, coating, biocompatibility, sensitivity, multiplexing,
targeting specificity, as well as important findings regarding toxicity and applicability. For in vitro applications, QDs
can be used in place of traditional organic fluorescent dyes in virtually any system, outperforming organic dyes in the majority
of cases. In vivo targeted tumor imaging with biocompatible QDs has recently become possible in mouse models. With new advances
in QD technology such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, synthesis of smaller size non-Cd based QDs, improved surface
coating and conjugation, and multifunctional probes for multimodality imaging, it is likely that human applications of QDs
will soon be possible in a clinical setting. 相似文献
104.
Henry?S.?Lam Andrew?ProctorEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2003,80(6):563-567
The changes in milled rice FFA content and composition and in conjugated diene (CD) content and bacterial, yeast, and mold
counts were determined at 24, 37, and 50°C and 70% RH over 50 d. There was a rapid rate of FFA formation during the first
few days of storage, which was optimal at 37°C, but that slowed after 2, 4, and 5 d at 37, 24, and 50°C, respectively. There
was a second increase in FFA after about day 12 that increased with increasing temperature, indicating nonlipase hydrolysis.
Linoleic and oleic acids were the main components of the total FFA produced on the surface of milled rice. The pattern of
CD development followed that of FFA increase. Bacterial growth correlated with increased FFA levels after 12 d of storage,
suggesting that bacterial lipase rather than bran lipase may be responsible for rice lipid hydrolysis 相似文献
105.
The surface chemistry of methoxide (CH3O-) on the Ni(111) surface has been studied in the presence of hydrogen pressures up to 2 Torr. During heating in vacuum methoxide decomposes to H2 and CO, which desorb at 380 and 445 K, respectively. The CH3O-decomposition process is rate limited by CH bond breaking and exhibits a strong deuterium kinetic isotope effect in CD3O-. In the presence of ambient hydrogen pressures of 0.02–2.0 Torr both CH3O- and CD3O-are hydrogenated directly to methanol at 310 K. Methoxide is hydrogenated by adsorbed hydrogen, which nearly saturates the surface at these pressures and temperatures. 相似文献
106.
Attributing authorship of documents with unknown creators has been studied extensively for natural language text such as essays and literature, but less so for non‐natural languages such as computer source code. Previous attempts at attributing authorship of source code can be categorised by two attributes: the software features used for the classification, either strings of n tokens/bytes (n‐grams) or software metrics; and the classification technique that exploits those features, either information retrieval ranking or machine learning. The results of existing studies, however, are not directly comparable as all use different test beds and evaluation methodologies, making it difficult to assess which approach is superior. This paper summarises all previous techniques to source code authorship attribution, implements feature sets that are motivated by the literature, and applies information retrieval ranking methods or machine classifiers for each approach. Importantly, all approaches are tested on identical collections from varying programming languages and author types. Our conclusions are as follows: (i) ranking and machine classifier approaches are around 90% and 85% accurate, respectively, for a one‐in‐10 classification problem; (ii) the byte‐level n‐gram approach is best used with different parameters to those previously published; (iii) neural networks and support vector machines were found to be the most accurate machine classifiers of the eight evaluated; (iv) use of n‐gram features in combination with machine classifiers shows promise, but there are scalability problems that still must be overcome; and (v) approaches based on information retrieval techniques are currently more accurate than approaches based on machine learning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
107.
It is commonly accepted that replacement of a portion of cement in mortar or concrete with well-dispersed silica fume reduces expansion caused by alkali silica reaction. Recently there has been much discussion that large, agglomerated particles of silica fume may actually act as alkali silica reactive aggregates, thereby increasing expansion rather than reducing it. The data in the literature, from both field and laboratory studies, are inconsistent. This prompted an extensive laboratory investigation into the alkali silica reactivity of silica fume. Results from accelerated expansion testing and microscopic investigations are presented. It was seen that some agglomerated silica fumes participate in ASR while others do not. Factors determining the reactivity of silica fume agglomerates are suggested. 相似文献
108.
Penel Simon; Morrison R.Gwilym; Dobson Paul D.; Mortishire-Smith Russell J.; Doig Andrew J. 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》2003,16(12):957-961
We analysed the length distributions of different types of ß-strandin a high resolution, non-homologous set of 500 protein structures,finding differences in their mean lengths. Antiparallel edgestrands in strandturnstrand motifs show a preferencefor an even number of residues. This propensity is enhancedif the length is corrected for ß-bulges, which insertan extra residue into the strand. Residues in antiparallel edgeß-strands alternate between being in hydrogen bondedand non-hydrogen bonded rings. Antiparallel edges with an evennumber of residues are more likely to have their final ßresidue in a non-hydrogen bonded ring. This suggests that non-hydrogenbonded rings are intrinsically more stable than hydrogen bondedrings, perhaps because its side chain packing is closer. Therefore,we suggest that a simple way to increase ß-hairpinstability, or the stability of an antiparallel edge strand,is to have a non-hydrogen bonded ring at the end of the strand. Received June 19, 2003; revised October 25, 2003; accepted November 7, 2003 相似文献
109.
A series of statistical copolymers derived from 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate with four different hydrophobic comonomers (ethyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, and octyl methacrylates) have been prepared via conventional free radical copolymerization under bulk conditions. The copolymers have been subsequently modified, with 1,3‐propanesultone to yield the corresponding polysulfoproylbetaine derivatives. Those copolymers exhibiting the requisite aqueous solubility have been screened with respect to their antimicrobial activity against two common and notorious pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). We show that certain copolymers do indeed exhibit antimicrobial activity. The extent of activity is related to the molecular characteristics of the materials such as the molar composition and structure of the hydrophobic comonomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1036–1041, 2006 相似文献
110.
The disproportionation ofn-butane (and of isobutane) was catalyzed by sulfated zirconium oxide containing 1.5 wt% Fe, 0.5 wt% Mn, and 4.0 wt% sulfate at 2.0 atm and temperatures in the range of 30–60C. The reaction accompanies isomerization, which under some conditions is as much as one or two orders of magnitude faster than disproportionation. The conversion to each of the products increased with time on stream in a flow reactor, and then declined. The time on stream for maximum conversion was the same for each product. The results suggest that the disproportionation and isomerization reactions proceed through a common C8 intermediate. Rates of the disproportionation reaction were determined at the time on stream corresponding to the maximum conversion at each temperature; for example, the rate of conversion ofn-butane into isopentane at 60C with ann-butane partial pressure of 0.58 atm was about 1×10–7 mol/(g of catalyst s). 相似文献