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101.
Abstract The distribution of anionic groups in fibres, fines, the colloidal fraction, and the dissolved fraction of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions was determined. The influence of extraction, alkaline treatment, and peroxide bleaching of spruce TMP were also studied. Spruce TMP was extracted with hexane, treated with alkali, or bleached with peroxide. Suspensions were made at pH 5.5 or 8, and fractionated into long fibres, large fines, small fines, a colloidal fraction, and a dissolved fraction. The surface and total charge of the fractions were determined separately by polyelectrolyte titration. To determine the origin of the charges, the contents of fatty acids, resin acids, and acidic units in polysaccharides in the different fractions were determined by gas chromatography. Extraction of TMP with hexane prior to fractionation increased the measured total and surface charge of the fibres. The removal of wood resin probably uncovered some anionic groups on the fibre surface, or improved the penetration of the polymers into the pores of the fibres. The total charge, determined with polybrene titration, of the fines and the colloidal fraction was lower when the resin had been removed, while the surface charge, determined with poly-DADMAC, was not greatly affected. Alkaline treatment of the TMP increased both the total charge and the surface charge of the fibres and fines, mainly because of demethylation of pectins. Alkaline treatment also increased the total and surface charge of the dissolved substances, due to the release of pectic acids into the water phase. Alkaline peroxide bleaching further increased the total and surface charge of fibres and dissolved substances, most likely due to oxidation of lignin. The total charge and the surface charge of the colloidal substances, consisting mainly of wood resin, were only slightly affected by alkaline treatment and peroxide bleaching. The anionic charge in TMP suspensions originated mainly from free uronic acids in the xylans, arabinogalactans, and pectic acids. The contribution from the fatty and resin acids was substantial only for the colloidal fraction. 相似文献
102.
Jie Duanmu E. Kristofer Gamstedt Andrey Pranovich Ari Rosling 《Composites Part A》2010,41(10):1409-1418
In a previous work we introduced a new family of thermoset composites of softwood fiber and allylglycidyl ether modified potato starch (AGE-starch with a degree of substitution of 1.3 and 2.3) prepared by hot pressing. To improve the processability of AGE-starch with a DS = 1.3 (LDS-3) and to increase hygromechanical properties, the LDS-3 matrix has now been partially degraded by α-amylase at 45 °C (pH 6) for 0.5, 6 and 18 h. The study shows that already a 30 min enzymatic hydrolysis has a marked effect on the modified starch molecular weight and its thermal properties. The new composites with enzyme hydrolyzed AGE-starch, generically named D-LDS-3, showed good fiber dispersion and excellent interface between the fiber and matrix as studied by SEM. Premixes of D-LDS-3 matrix and fiber showed improved processability. The water vapor absorption was evaluated at 43.2% and 82.2% RH and the stiffness and strength properties were measured. The water uptake was shown to be reduced. The strength of neat matrix D-LDS-3-6 at ambient 68% RH reached 63 MPa and Young’s modulus 3200 MPa and with 40 wt.% wood fiber reinforcement impressive 128 MPa and 4500 MPa, respectively. 相似文献
103.
104.
Andrey V. Boiko Kwang Hyo Jung Ho Hwan Chun Inwon Lee 《Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology》2007,21(1):196-206
In this study, experimental investigations were made regarding the effect of riblets on the streak instability in boundary
layer. The streak instability is now regarded as a major source of the self-regeneration mechanism for the hairpin type coherent
structures in turbulent boundary layer flow. Thus, it is important to control the instability to suppress the drag-inducing
vortical structure in terms of drag reduction. Toward enhancing the measurement accuracy and spatial resolution, an enlarged
version of riblets was applied to a streak which was artificially induced by a microwing in a laminar boundary layer. It is
found that the riblets have attenuation effect on the streak instability, i.e., to reduce the spanwise velocity gradient of
the quasi-streamwise streak in boundary layer. 相似文献
105.
Andrey V. Pyatigorets Joseph F. Labuz Sofia G. Mogilevskaya Henryk K. Stolarski 《Journal of Materials Science》2010,45(4):936-945
A new approach is proposed for the experimental study of the effective shear modulus of porous elastic materials using the
uniaxial tension test. The idea is to measure strains at a few points surrounding a cluster of holes that represents the structure
of the material. The representative cluster is placed in the material with the same elastic properties as those of the matrix.
The measured strains lead to the properties of the equivalent circular inhomogeneity, which would produce the same elastic
fields as from the cluster. An aluminum plate containing a cluster of seven circular or hexagonal holes was used. The effective
shear modulus obtained from the strain data was compared with theoretical predictions and various bounds, and it was shown
that the laboratory estimated values are quite accurate. The experimental technique can be used for the determination of the
effective Poisson’s ratio of porous media and/or cellular solids if more detailed strain data are obtained. 相似文献
106.
107.
Red Fluorescent Turn‐On Ligands for Imaging and Quantifying G Protein‐Coupled Receptors in Living Cells
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Iuliia A. Karpenko Rémy Kreder Christel Valencia Dr. Pascal Villa Dr. Christiane Mendre Dr. Bernard Mouillac Prof. Dr. Yves Mély Prof. Dr. Marcel Hibert Dr. Dominique Bonnet Dr. Andrey S. Klymchenko 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2014,15(3):359-363
Classical fluorescence‐based approaches to monitor ligand–protein interactions are generally hampered by the background signal of unbound ligand, which must be removed by tedious washing steps. To overcome this major limitation, we report here the first red fluorescent turn‐on probes for a G protein‐coupled receptor (oxytocin receptor) at the surface of living cells. The peptide ligand carbetocin was conjugated to one of the best solvatochromic (fluorogenic) dyes, Nile Red, which turns on emission when reaching the hydrophobic environment of the receptor. We showed that the incorporation of hydrophilic octa(ethylene glycol) linker between the pharmacophore and the dye minimized nonspecific interaction of the probe with serum proteins and lipid membranes, thus ensuring receptor‐specific turn‐on response. The new ligand was successfully applied for background‐free imaging and quantification of oxytocin receptors in living cells. 相似文献
108.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Heteroatom‐Doped Graphene Films with Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance and Rate Capability for Micro‐Supercapacitors
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109.
110.
Jie DuanmuE. Kristofer Gamstedt Andrey PranovichAri Rosling 《Composites Science and Technology》2011,71(4):520-527
In the present work dough moulding compound premixes of allyl glycidyl ether modified (AGE)-potato starch, (DS) = 0.2, has been prepared and tested for its fiber reinforced composite properties. The AGE-starch was hydrolyzed with α-amylase under neutral condition for 6 h at 45 °C for improved process ability. The grafting and hydrolytic scission was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), respectively. Homogeneous composite premixes of AGE-starch, wood fibers, various amount of glycerol and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were successfully mixed with a Brabender-kneader at 55 °C and cured by compression molding at 150 °C using 2 wt% of dibenzoyl peroxide. Adding 5 wt% of glycerol did not reduce the ultimate strength of the composites; 10% glycerol reduced the strength from 60 MPa to 40 MPa, and 16% glycerol to 14 MPa. The results with 5 wt% glycerol are comparable with earlier achieved results. The water absorption rate increased with increased glycerol content and the mechanical strength of the composites was lost completely when the moisture uptake reached 15 wt%. 相似文献