A mixture theory for heat conduction in heterogeneous media

A mixture theory based on the ensemble-averaging technique is proposed for studying the thermal behaviour of heterogeneous media. Balance equations with partial heat fluxes and interaction terms are introduced for a two-component medium. Relations between these quantities and the ensemble-averaged (mean) temperatures of separate components are derived. The limits of application of widely used postulates of proportionality of the interaction term of difference in mean temperature of components is discussed. The effective conductivities of components in the mixture and the interaction coefficient are introduced and related to the so-called microstructure functions, which are functions of the microgeometry of the medium and the thermal properties of its components. Examples of the application of the theory to the calculation of the mean properties of a heterogeneous medium are presented.     

Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung der mittleren Zeitkonstante von Diffusionsprozessen

In the paper the general Galerkin method has been applied for the determination of the equivalent time constant of diffusion processes. After establishing the step function response the general formulas have been obtained, which allow for the consideration of boundary conditions of various kinds. The method has been illustrated with some numerical examples.     

Increased pressor function of central vasopressinergic system in hypertensive renin transgenic rats

OBJECTIVE: Renin transgenic hypertensive rats [TGR(mRen2)27] have increased contents of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the cardiovascular brain regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of centrally released AVP on the regulation of baseline blood pressure in TGR(mRen2)27 rats and to determine the interaction between AVP and angiotensin II in the central control of blood pressure in this model of hypertension. DESIGN: Three basic series of experiments were performed on 20 TGR(mRen2)27 and 20 Hannover Sprague-Dawley conscious rats, chronically instrumented with lateral cerebral ventricle (LCV) cannulae and femoral artery catheters. In series 1, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during an LCV infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid before and after LCV administration of angiotensin II. In series 2, the effects of an LCV administration of angiotensin 11 (100 ng) on mean arterial pressure and the heart rate were determined during LCV infusion of a selective AVP receptor (V1) antagonist [1-(1-mercapto-4-methylcyclohexaneacetic acid)-8-arginine vasopressin (MeCAAVP) and d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Ala-NH2(9)]AVP] or a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist (losartan) or both. In series 3, mean arterial pressure and the heart rate were determined after an LCV injection of either AVP (10 ng) or AVP together with angiotensin II. RESULTS: The LCV infusions of antagonists to V1 and AT1 receptors caused significant comparable decreases in baseline MAP in TGR(mRen2)27 but not in Sprague-Dawley rats. Angiotensin II elicited significant pressor responses, both in TGR(mRen2)27 and in Sprague-Dawley rats. Blockade of V1 receptors significantly reduced the duration and the maximum amplitude of the central pressor response to angiotensin II in TGR(mRen2)27 rats, whereas in Sprague-Dawley rats the maximum pressor effect was not significantly altered. In both strains, the pressor response to angiotensin II was abolished by blockade of AT1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the elevated blood pressure in TGR(mRen2)27 rats is partly caused by increased function of the brain angiotensinergic AT1 and vasopressinergic V1 systems. Centrally released AVP is involved in mediation of the pressor effect exerted by centrally applied angiotensin II in TGR(mRen2)27 rats.     

Influence of some lysosomotropic compounds on calcium ion desorption process from liposome membrane

The effect of a group of model lysosomotropic compounds on the process of Ca2+ ion desorption from lecithin liposome membranes was studied. The compounds studied were: hydrochlorides of fatty acids 2-dimethylaminoethyl esters (DM-n) for n = 9, 11, 13 and 15 carbon atoms in the fatty acid alkyl chain and methochloride of 2-dimethylaminoethyl laurate (DMS-11). It was found that all the compounds studied caused increased desorption with increasing concentration of the compound. Most effective was the quaternary ammonium salt, DMS-11. Moreover, it was found that the process of Ca2+ desorption from the membrane depended on pH of the medium. Compound DM-11 was more active at pH 8 than at pH 5. The action of DM-n compounds depended on the alkyl chain length, DM-11 and DM-13 being the most active. Apparently free amines penetrate the phospholipid membranes and incorporate into its hydrophobic core causing structural deformations. Hydrochlorides of fatty acids and the quaternary ammonium salt induce desorption of calcium ions mostly as a result of competitive electrostatic interactions. By quantum chemistry, PM3 method, and methods of molecular modelling we established the higher hydrophilicity of the polar head of DM-n series with respect to the polar head of the DMS-n compounds. DM-n compounds possess both acceptor and donor properties for hydrogen bonding while DMS-n are instrumental as acceptors only. It should be noted, that the results obtained in this paper for model membranes are in accordance with those for biological ones.     

CS modality transfer of two-way avoidance in rats with central and basolateral amygdala lesions

Post-lesion acquisition of two-way avoidance and subsequent transfer to two warning signals (conditioned stimulus, CS) of different modality were investigated in 60 rats. In Experiment I the animals were originally trained with less salient (darkness) CS, then transferred to more salient compound (darkness and white noise), and finally to white noise CS. The opposite arrangement of the conditioned stimuli (CSi) during the subsequent stages was employed in Experiment II. In control animals, avoidance acquisition was faster and the intertrial responding (ITR) rate lower with the auditory than with the visual CS. Lesioned rats learned avoidance responses more slowly, independently of CS modality. The transfer to other CSi revealed dramatic between-group difference in the level and consistency of avoidance response, shuttle-box latencies and ITR rate. In control animals, transfer to more salient CSi enhanced avoidance performance, whereas change to less salient CS decreased it. Rather small changes in shuttle-box performance and consistency of avoidance response due to CS modality were seen in rats with the basolateral lesions. In contrast, central nucleus injury caused a strong deterioration in the avoidance transfer, especially when the visual CS followed the acoustic one. The results indicate differential involvement of the basolateral and central amygdala nuclei in stimulus-processing mechanisms of instrumental defensive behavior.     

Changes in the respiratory system of patients with rheumatoid arthritis--personal observations

13 patients with RA admitted to our Institute with symptoms of respiratory involvement were described. Taking under consideration pulmonary function tests, radiological findings and histological examinations, we recognised 7 cases with interstitial lung disease, 3 cases with recurrent respiratory infection with bronchiectasis, 1 case with pleuritis, 1 with Caplan's syndrome and 1 with alveolar haemorrhage. The role of RF, and treatment with gold in the development of interstitial lung disease, as well as character of physiologic abnormalities concerning the small airways and its potential connection with bronchiolitis were discussed.     

Polyacrylamide gels filled with ferromagnetic anisotropic powder: A model of a magnetomechanical device

The concept of a magnetomechanical system able to show permanent magnetization if compressed or to deform in a uniform magnetic field, is presented. The system design is based on polyacrylamide gel filled with demagnetized hard ferrite particles. The ferrite filled gel is deformed by plane strain compression and magnetized while compressed. The orientation of individual magnetized particles was randomized upon compression release. Such samples exhibit no magnetic moment if decompressed and produce magnetic field intensity from 3 to 30 G if compressed. The samples exposed to external uniform magnetic field show macroscopic contraction or expansion of up to 40% of the initial dimensions. The most efficient ferrite was neodymium ferrite in the form of flakes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dielectric integrity of thin thermal oxides on silicon

The role of silicon dioxide layers in microelectronics and the importance of their integrity are undisputable. From passivating coatings and masking layers for diffusion to ultra-thin tunneling films — all the silicon technology could not exist without silicon dioxide. This review deals with some aspects of the integrity of thin silicon dioxide films for VLSI applications. The problems of dielectric strength and wear-out are considered from the point of view of their mechanisms, models, oxide processing dependence, testing, and measuring. A brief presentation of statistical approaches commonly applied to reliability topics is also included.     

The Old-Age Healthy Dependency Ratio in Europe

The aim of this study is to answer the question of whether improvements in the health of the elderly in European countries could compensate for population ageing on the supply side of the labour market. We propose a state-of-health-specific (additive) decomposition of the old-age dependency ratio into an old-age healthy dependency ratio and an old-age unhealthy dependency ratio in order to participate in a discussion of the significance of changes in population health to compensate for the ageing of the labour force. Applying the proposed indicators to the Eurostat's population projection for the years 2010-2050, and assuming there will be equal improvements in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth, we discuss various scenarios concerning future of the European labour force. While improvements in population health are anticipated during the years 2010-2050, the growth in the number of elderly people in Europe may be expected to lead to a rise in both healthy and unhealthy dependency ratios. The healthy dependency ratio is, however, projected to make up the greater part of the old-age dependency ratio. In the European countries in 2006, the value of the old-age dependency ratio was 25. But in the year 2050, with a positive migration balance over the years 2010-2050, there would be 18 elderly people in poor health plus 34 in good health per 100 people in the current working age range of 15-64. In the scenarios developed in this study, we demonstrate that improvements in health and progress in preventing disability will not, by themselves, compensate for the ageing of the workforce. However, coupled with a positive migration balance, at the level and with the age structure assumed in the Eurostat's population projections, these developments could ease the effect of population ageing on the supply side of the European labour market.     

Determination of porous glass surface free energy components from contact angles

The contact angles of water drops and diiodomethane drops on pellets made of controlled porosity glasses have been measured. The surface of the glasses was modified by thermal treatment at 873 K which led to an increase in the surface concentration of boron atoms. Glass modified with Carbowax 20M (polyethylene glycol) and fully hydroxylated glass have also been studied. Using the measured contact angles and modified Young equation, the dispersion and nondispersion components of the glass surface free energy have been calculated. The values show that with increasing heating time (increasing surface density of boron atoms) an increase in the surface polarity takes place. However, the polarity of the same samples decreases after treatment with Carbowax, increasingly so with higher boron atom concentrations.