Characterization of yeast and lactic acid bacterial species in ropy wines

Summary The microflora in ropy sherry-type wines were identified. The genusSaccharomyces were the predominant yeasts (81%), withS. beticus prevailing.Lactobacillus plantarum was the most frequent bacterial species (33.9%), followed byStreptococcus diacetilactis (22%) andS. lactis (16.9%).

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Charakterisierung der Hefe-und der Milchsäurebakterien-Arten in sirupösen Weinen

Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse der Mikroflora in sherryartigen, sirupösen Weinen ergab die Anwesenheit von deckenbildenden Hefen des StammesSaccharomyces (81%), wobeiS. beticus am stärksten vertreten ist. Bei den Bakterienstämmen istLactobacillus plantarum (33,9%) am stärksten vertreten, gefolgt vomStreptococcus diacetilactis (22%) und demS. lactis (16,9%).

     

Production of hot rolled dual-phase steel strip by coiling below martensite start temperature

The laboratory tests showed that a dual-phase steel can be produced on the basis of the chemical composition given here, providing the coiling temperature is below the martensite start temperature. It is then possible to dispense with an additional air cooling period on the runout table, which is mandatory with production concepts known up to now. The best mechanical properties are attained at a coiling temperature of 200°C. The final rolling temperature should be around A_r3 to avoid a heavy ferrite deformation without softening and, on the other hand, to reduce the yield stress increase caused by aging. Nitrogen aging can be suppressed by the addition of small amounts of titanium to bind nitrogen, forming a dispersion of titanium nitrides. The feasibility of this concept under production conditions was confirmed by means of hot rolling tests on a hot wide strip mill.     

Reflector Antenna Analysis Using the Complex Equivalent Length Concept: Reciprocity and Coupling Between Feeds

This work presents a procedure for analyzing multiply fed reflector antennas in both transmission and reception modes, by using the Reflector Antenna Complex Equivalent Length (RA-CEL) concept. The RA-CEL is derived by combining the Feed Element Complex Equivalent Length (FE-CEL) Method with an Equivalent Current (EC) model on the reflector surface. This formulation, in terms of both electric and magnetic equivalent currents, is consistent with the reciprocity theorem. Its application to reflector antenna far-field pattern analysis, in both the transmission and reception modes, is presented. The proposed method accurately considers the mutual coupling among feeding array elements through the reflector surface, and its computational cost is substantially lower than required by a full-wave analysis. Some applications investigating the mutual coupling among feeding elements of reflector antennas are presented, and are compared with a reference solution given by the Method of Moments - Physical Optics hybrid method, and a numerical evaluation of the integral equation.     

Modification with Organometallic Compounds Improves Crossing of the Blood–Brain Barrier of [Leu5]‐Enkephalin Derivatives in an In Vitro Model System

Enkephalin peptides are thought to be suitable vectors for the passage of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Modifications that do not alter the amino acid sequence are often used to improve the permeation through living membrane systems. As a new type of modification we introduce organometallic compounds, in particular ferrocene carboxylic acid. Derivatives of [Leu⁵]enkephalin were synthesised and labelled with organometallic compounds by using solid‐phase synthesis techniques. All new metal–peptide bioconjugates were comprehensively characterised by HPLC, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and found to be at least 95 % pure. For the first time, permeation coefficients in a BBB model for organometal–peptide derivatives were determined in this work. The uptake and localisation of fluorescein‐labelled enkephalins was monitored by fluorescence microscopy on three cancer cell lines. Octanol/H₂O partition coefficients of the compounds were measured by HPLC. The introduction of the organometallic moiety enhances the uptake into cells and the permeation coefficient of [Leu⁵]‐enkephalin. This could be due to an increase in lipophilicity caused by the organometallic label. The metal–peptide conjugates were found to be nontoxic up to mM concentrations. The low cytotoxicity encourages further experiments that could take advantage of the selectivity of enkephalin derivatives for opioid receptors.     

Arch-Free flow in aerated silo discharge of cohesive powders

Arching can occur during silo discharge of cohesive powders. In general this happens when the outlet size is not wide enough. Flow aid devices, such as aeration pads, are commonly used in the industry to achieve proper flow of cohesive materials. However, no design criteria are presently available for such kind of devices and, in particular, for the intensity of aeration to be used to avoid arching. Aim of this paper is the evaluation of the limiting aeration condition to produce the collapse of established arches and the minimum aeration rate necessary for no arching discharge flow. Experimental tests are carried out in an aerated flat bottom silo. The measured quantities are the aeration rate at arch collapse and the arch size. Powder permeability is characterized by fluidization experiments. A simplified model is proposed to assess on the prevailing physical phenomena and predictively evaluate the minimum aeration rate to determine no arching discharge flow.     

Design optimization of twin-fluid atomizers with an internal mixing chamber for heavy fuel oils

The present work is devoted to determine the magnitude of the main parameters that yield the optimum results for twin-fluid nozzles with an internal mixing chamber. The focus is placed on the study of the interaction of both air and liquid flows at the internal chamber and its effects on the resulting spray. To this end, some experiments have been performed for different air central channel diameters and liquid ports, as well as for several experimental conditions (air and liquid mass flow rates), in order to understand the influence of the flow conditions at the mixing chamber on the size of the droplets produced. It has been demonstrated that under certain experimental conditions the atomizing fluid discharged to the internal chamber is choked. The sonic condition is achieved for different air and liquid mass flow rates as a function of the air central channel diameter. It has also been obtained that to achieve the best results with moderate atomizing fluid flow rates, it is convenient to operate in choked conditions. This is an important result that will help in the optimum design of this type of nozzles.     

Activated α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes as Substrate of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)‐Dependent Aldolases in the Context of a Multienzyme System

The utility for carbon‐carbon bond formation of a multienzyme system composed of recombinant dihydroxyacetone kinase (DHAK) from Citrobacter freundii, the fructose bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle (RAMA) and acetate kinase (AK) for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration has been studied. Several aldehydes with great structural diversity, including three α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, have been analysed as acceptor substrates. It was found that α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes bearing an electron‐withdrawing group in the β position to the double bond with a trans configuration are good acceptors for RAMA in this multienzyme system. The aldol reaction proceeds with excellent D ‐threo enantioselectivity and the aldol adduct is obtained in good overall yield. The L ‐threo and D ‐erythro enantiomers are also accessible from rhamnulose 1‐phosphate aldolase (Rha‐1PA) and fuculose 1‐phosphate aldolase (Fuc‐1PA) catalysed reactions, respectively.     

Quality and Safety Models and Optimization as Part of Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing

This article is part of a collection entitled “Models for Safety, Quality and Competitiveness of the Food Processing Sector,” published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. It has been peer‐reviewed and was written as a follow‐up of a pre‐IFT workshop, partially funded by the USDA NRI grant 2005‐35503‐16208. ABSTRACT: Mathematical models are the basis of modern process engineering methods. Mathematical optimization is at the kernel of systematic and efficient tools for (1) experimental design, model development, and identification, (2) development of optimal operating procedures, and (3) implementation of those procedures by means of model‐predictive controllers. Here, we review and discuss how these model‐based optimization techniques can be used at the core of computer‐integrated manufacturing systems for the food industry. These systems will be able to bring the operation of food processing plants closer to the best possible product quality and safety, at a reduced cost and with minimal environmental impact.     

Effect of acid treatment on extraction yield and gel strength of gelatin from whiptail stingray (Dasyatis brevis) skin

Food Science and Biotechnology - Chemical properties of fish gelatins differ from those of conventional mammalian sources, representing an attractive technological alternative for the food...     

Characterization of LDH (phyllosilicate/carbonate) type compounds formed in the pozzolanic reaction of phyllosilicate-rich industrial waste

Reutilization of industrial waste products as cement additives yields a number of secondary materials, yet their identification is not always trivial. Confirmation of the formation of a LDH-type (phyllosilicate/carbonate) material is the main purpose of this study. Mineralogically, organic and inorganic compounds form some industrial wastes, among which the phyllosilicates are prominent. Crystalline and amorphous hydrated phases appeared during the pozzolanic reaction in a dehydroxylated phyllosilicate/lime system, whose controlled activation yielded dehydroxylated products with high pozzolanic properties. The LDH-type (phyllosilicate/carbonate) material was one of the reaction products; this material could be considered as the superposition type 1:1 of tetrahedral layers of silicon and aluminum and octahedral layers of aluminum (dehydroxylated kaolinite), generating a positive charge in the interlaminar region compensated by carbonate anions with a basal spacing (001) measured by XRD at 7.57Å. Therefore, several techniques were used to determine whether they could be included in the structural group named Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), as they are, too, laminar layers of oxides and hydroxides with a positive laminar charge in the interlayer region compensated by the presence of anions with similar basal spacing. In this research, the effects of activation temperature and calcite proportion were analyzed on the hydrated phases formed after 28 days of pozzolanic reaction in a metakaolin (MK)/lime system. The MK was obtained from a mix of 1:1; 2:1 and 3:1 kaolinite:calcite mixture, thermally activated at 750°C for 2 hours, comparing it with kaolinite activated at 600°C for 2 hours. As the most LDH-rich sample, the 1:1 LDH-type (phyllosilicate/carbonate) phase was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, HRTEM-EDX, FTIR, NMR-MAS, and Raman spectroscopy.