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41.
Antti Roose Kadri Reinsoo Ahto Oja Visvaldas Var?inskas 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2012,14(6):1085-1093
The production and use of biogas, along with corresponding sector-specific activities and technologies, is a relatively new subject in Estonia. This paper gives an instructive overview of main barriers behind the development incentives, policy support and technological innovation in terms of emerging market for biogas. The article examines the complexity of market-related, political, technological and social obstacles for introduction biogas technologies. There is a major gap between resource potential, technological capacity and practice in Estonia. About 2?% of the theoretical potential of biogas is being used, totalling around 11?million?Nm3, based primarily on landfill biogas. First, political setting for biogas innovation is still vague, however, consolidated and enhanced since 2010 to compete with other renewables and mainstream energy technologies. The article underlines the statement that the reason why Estonian biogas production has not followed the path of growth and technology transfer is the low renewable electricity feed-in tariff. However, there are many other legal and engineering factors that have held back biogas applications and sector development in general. Stakeholders have established the Estonian Biogas Association, increasing sector’s visibility, targeted lobby to support policy-making, technological and social innovation and professional networking. Though getting the biogas sector to succeed demands a comprehensive approach and involvement of more actors in demand side including local leaders and consumers, both enthusiasm and scepticism should be informed by a sound understanding of framework conditions and complexities for path-breaking transformations in energy systems. To promote biogas production, profitable and technologically feasible showcases should demonstrate benefits and issues to the target group and stakeholders. Instead agricultural and CHP development mode, the priority of using biogas in Estonia could be seen as green vehicle fuel for transport. 相似文献
42.
Mingzhou Yu Antti Joonas Koivisto Kaarle Hämeri Martin Seipenbusch 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(4):427-434
A thorough understanding of the importance of aerosol coagulation and deposition relative to each other as modifiers of the particle size distribution plays an important role in the proper selection of conditions to estimate the deposition rate coefficient. In this work, a theoretical analysis was conducted for investigating the size-resolved ratio of coagulation to deposition for different types of size distributions using the Simpson integral method. The theoretical model was subsequently qualitatively validated by experiments in a completely mixed and ventilated aerosol chamber. Both experimental and theoretical studies show that the ratio of the rates of coagulation to deposition is strongly dependent on the total particle number concentration and the geometric mean diameter of the aerosol. A variation of the ratio of coagulation to deposition by several orders of magnitude for aerosols with differing size distributions was found. Thus the previously employed criterion for the negligence of coagulation based solely on the total particle number concentration was shown to be insufficient to accurately judge whether an aerosol is suited for the estimation of the deposition rate coefficient. Aerosols with wide size distributions are not recommended for use in the estimation of the deposition rate coefficient. The study provides a method to understand the role of coagulation and deposition for indoor aerosols. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research 相似文献
43.
Tiina Sikanen Thomas Zwinger Santeri Tuomikoski Sami Franssila Reijo Lehtiniemi Carl-Magnus Fager Tapio Kotiaho Antti Pursula 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2008,5(4):479-491
This work presents experimental [infrared (IR) thermography] and computational (finite element model) results of temperature
distributions of an electrokinetic separation chip. Thermal characteristics of both the electrolyte solution and the polymer
chip (SU-8) are taken into account in modeling temperature distributions during electrokinetic flow. Multiphysics and multiscale
simulation couples electrostatics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. The accompanying IR thermography is a non-contact method,
which can measure fractional temperature differences with sub-second time resolution. Any structures or temperature marker
molecules interfering with the experiment are not needed. Nominal spot size in the IR measurements is 30 μm with a field of
view of several millimeters enabling both local and chip-scale temperature monitoring simultaneously. As a result, we present
a computer model for electrokinetic chips, which enables simulation of fractional temperature changes during electrophoresis
under real operating conditions. The accuracy of the model is within ±1°C when the deviation in electrochemical processes
is taken into account. The simulation results also suggest that the temperature on the chip surface qualitatively reflects
the temperature inside the microchannel with an average offset of 1–2°C. 相似文献
44.
45.
Jekaterina Hermane Ilona Bułyszko Dr. Simone Eichner Dr. Florenz Sasse Wera Collisi Prof. Dr. Antti Poso Emilia Schax Dr. Johanna‐Gabriela Walter Prof. Dr. Thomas Scheper Dr. Klaus Kock Prof. Dr. Christian Herrmann Dr. Pooyan Aliuos Prof. Dr. Günter Reuter Priv.‐Doz. Dr. Carsten Zeilinger Prof. Dr. Andreas Kirschning 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2015,16(2):302-311
Streptomyces hygroscopicus is a natural producer of geldanamycin. Mutasynthetic supplementation of an AHBA‐blocked mutant with all possible monofluoro 3‐aminobenzoic acids provided new fluorogeldanamycins. These showed strong antiproliferative activity and inhibitory effects on human heat shock protein Hsp90. Binding to Hsp90 in the low nanomolar range was determined from molecular modelling, AFM analysis and by calorimetric studies. 相似文献
46.
Jesper Stjernberg John C. Ion Marta-Lena Antti Lars-Olof Nordin Bo Lindblom Magnus Odén 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2012,32(8):1519-1528
Changes, over a period of 8 years, in the chemical composition and morphology of deposit and lining materials in a production rotary kiln for iron ore pellet manufacture are described. The following have been studied: two types of refractory brick used as lining material; deposited chunk materials from the lining; the interaction zones between deposits and linings. Morphological changes at the deposit/lining interface, and the active chemical reactions, are established. Larger hematite grains in the deposit material (5–50 μm) primarily remain at the original deposit/lining interface. The remainder penetrates fissures, voids and brick joints, forms a laminar structure with corundum from the bricks, and migrates in grains in the lining material. Potassium penetrates more deeply into the bricks than hematite, resulting in the formation of kalsilite, leucite and potassium β-alumina, which contribute to degradation of the lining. 相似文献
47.
Helmi Keskinen Sami Romakkaniemi Antti Jaatinen Pasi Miettinen Erkka Saukko Joutsensaari Jorma 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(12):1441-1447
The first wetting layer on solid nanoparticles has direct implications on the roles these particles play in industrial processes and technological applications as well as in the atmosphere. We present a technique for online measurements of the adsorption of the first few water layers onto insoluble aerosol nanoparticles. Atomized fumed silica nanoparticles were dispersed from aqueous suspension and their hygroscopic growth factors (HGF) and number of the adsorbed water layers at subsaturated conditions were measured using a nanometer hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). Particle morphology was characterized by electron microscopy and particle density was determined by mobility analysis. The HGFs of the size-selected particles at mobility diameters from 10 to 50 nm at 90% relative humidity (RH) varied from 1.05 to 1.24, corresponding to 2–6 layers of adsorbed water. The morphology of the generated fumed silica nanoparticles varied from spheres at 8–10 nm to agglomerates at larger diameters with effective density from 1.7 to 0.8 g/cm3 and fractal dimension of 2.6. The smallest spheres and agglomerates had the highest HGFs. The smallest particles with diameters of 8 and 10 nm adsorbed two to three water layers in subsaturated conditions, which agreed well with the Frenkel, Halsey, and Hill (FHH) isotherm fitting. In comparison to the small spheres or large agglomerates, the compact agglomerate structure containing a few primary particles increased the number of adsorbed water layers by a factor of ~1.5. This was probably caused by the capillary effect on the small cavities between the primary particles in the agglomerate. 相似文献
48.
Jenni J. Seppälä Antti Larjo Tommi Aho Olli Yli-Harja Matti T. Karp Ville Santala 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
Genome-scale model was applied to analyze the anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli. Three different methods were used to find deletions affecting fermentative hydrogen production: flux balance analysis (FBA), algorithm for blocking competing pathways (ABCP), and manual selection. Based on these methods, 81 E. coli mutants possessing one gene deletion were selected and cultivated in batch experiments. Experimental results of H2 and biomass production were compared against the results of FBA. Several gene deletions enhancing H2 production were found. Correctness of gene essentiality predictions of FBA for the selected genes was 78% and 77% in glucose and galactose media, respectively. 33% of the mutations that were predicted by FBA to increase H2 production had a positive effect in experiments. Batch cultivation is a simple and straightforward experimental way to screen improvements in H2 production. However, the ability of FBA to predict the H2 production rate cannot be evaluated by batch experiments. Metabolic network models provide a method for gaining broader understanding of the complicated metabolic system of a cell and can aid in prospecting suitable gene deletions for enhancing H2 production. 相似文献
49.
50.
A significant amount of logging residues is available for recovery in clear-cut areas. The forest residues’ potential has usually been estimated using biomass models. In Norway spruce (Picea abies) dominated stands, a large share of material is left on site especially due to dropping of needles as residues are left on site to dry in small heaps. In this study, we compared the measured dry weight of logging residues at a power plant with the potential biomass estimations made at a stand level. The study was performed in eight Norway spruce dominated stands, three of which were located in eastern Finland (North Karelia region) with the remainder being in Central Finland. The dry weights of branches, needles and stem tops were estimated using biomass models developed for individual trees by Repola et al. [1]. These dry weights were also compared with Swedish biomass models produced by Marklund [2]. The diameter and tree height information of each harvested tree served as input data in these model-based computations. Tree diameter information was obtained straight from the harvester’s stem value files, while the height information was obtained from models using the data from the stem value files as input. Inventory data before logging was used as a control material for harvester based estimates to spot possible measurement errors on the harvester measurement data. In addition, inventory data were used to get the crown height information, which was not available in the harvester measurement data. It was found that the average recovery rate was approximately 62% when applying Repola’s et al. [1] models and 61% when applying Marklund’s [2] models. However, variation between the logging sites was high. According this study, at least a third of the residues remains on the logging site if they are seasoned during the spring and summertime in small heaps. 相似文献