Dual material gate junctionless tunnel field effect transistor

This paper proposes a junctionless tunnel field effect transistor (JLTFET) with dual material gate (DMG) structure and the performance was studied on the basis of energy band profile modulation. The two-dimensional simulation was carried out to show the effect of conduction band minima on the abruptness of transition between the ON and OFF states, which results in low subthreshold slope (SS). Appropriate selection of work function for source and drain side gate metal of a double metal gate JLTFET can also significantly reduce the subthreshold slope (SS), OFF state leakage and hence gives improved I _ON/I _OFF.     

Investigation on Sodium Benzoate Release from Poly(Butylene Adipate‐Co‐Terephthalate)/Organoclay/Sodium Benzoate Based Nanocomposite Film and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Polymeric nanocomposites embedded with nontoxic antimicrobial agents have recently gained potential industrial significance, mainly for their applicability to preserve food quality and ensure safety. In this study, a poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT)/organoclay (CMMT) based nanocomposite film doped with sodium benzoate (SB) as antimicrobial agent was prepared by a solution mixing process. A homogenous dispersion of organoclay (cetyltrimethylammonium‐modified montmorillonite [CMMT]) in PBAT matrix was observed by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. PBAT/CMMT nanocomposite film showed higher barrier properties against water and methanol vapor compared to the PBAT film. The release of SB from PBAT and its nanocomposite film was measured and the relevant data were fitted to the Weibull model. The higher values of Weibull's shape factor and scale parameter as corroborated by experimental findings indicated faster rate of SB release from PBAT/CMMT/SB nanocomposite film, when compared to the pristine PBAT film. Bacterial inhibition studies were accomplished against 2 food pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, by determining the zone of inhibition and corresponding growth profiles. Both bacterial inhibition studies and growth profiles established that PBAT/CMMT/SB demonstrated better antimicrobial activity than PBAT/SB film. Therefore, PBAT/CMMT/SB nanocomposite film can be used for food packaging application as it showed good barrier properties and antimicrobial activity against food pathogenic bacteria.     

Inverse and efficiency of heat transfer convex fin with multiple nonlinearities

In this article, we first propose the novel semi‐analytical technique—modified Adomian decomposition method (MADM)—for a closed‐form solution of the nonlinear heat transfer equation of convex profile with singularity where all thermal parameters are functions of temperature. The longitudinal convex fin is subjected to different boiling regimes, which are defined by particular values of n (power index) of heat transfer coefficient. The energy balance equation of the convex fin with several temperature‐dependent properties are solved separately using the MADM and the spectral quasi‐linearization method. Using the values obtained from the direct heat transfer method, the unknown parameters of the profile, such as thermal conductivity, surface emissivity, heat generation number, conduction‐convection parameter, and radiation‐conduction parameter are inversely predicted by an inverse heat transfer analysis using the simplex search method. The effect of the measurement error and the number of measurement points has been presented. It is found that present measurement points and reconstruction of the exact temperature distribution of the convex fin are fairly in good agreement.     

Darcy–Forchheimer electromagnetic flow of entropy optimized microrotating Casson–Carreau nanomaterials

It is apparent that non-Newtonian nanofluids (especially, Casson and Carreau) find their ubiquitous utilization in diverse industrial processes. The magnetohydrodynamics concept is significantly implemented in the engineering design process. Darcy–Forchheimer's effect characterized by inertia and boundary effects ameliorates the rate of heat transportation outstandingly in association with the flow of nanofluids. Entropy optimization analysis is accentuated as its minimization is the best measure to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems. In view of this, the present article is intended to investigate electromagnetic flow and thermal characteristics of Casson and Carreau nanofluids over the exponential stretched surface. Microrotation facets are entailed. Arrhenius pre-exponential factor law and Robin's condition are implemented. The nondimensional governing equations are solved by the spectral quasi-linearization method. The major outcomes of this study are that axial and transverse flow velocities and heat transfer rate get controlled due to strengthening Casson and microinertia density parameters. More thermal stratification augments the rate of heat transportation efficaciously. Amplification of the Weissenberg parameter intensifies the axial and transverse flow velocities and the associated boundary layer widths. Axial and transverse surface viscous drag enervate due to the rise in porosity, inertia, and magnetic parameters. The entropy generation rate is regulated by the varied Reynolds number.     

Study of autocorrelation function of polymer and polymer–nanocomposite solutions using dynamic light scattering method

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) of polymer and polymer–nanocomposite solutions has been performed to examine the effect in the morphology of polymer solution in presence of nanoparticles analyzing their correlation functions. The size of the nanoparticle was determined using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy measurements. Analysis of the correlation functions of polymer solution shows existence of two modes, namely, fast and slow modes, along with the distinct values in their corresponding amplitudes and relaxation times. Interestingly, the fast mode of the solution was found to smear out, enhancing the slow mode when we grow nanoparticles into the polymer solution. Apart from the above study, the temperature variation study of both the solutions show that above and below room temperature, the polymer solution becomes more heterogeneous compared to the solution when nanoparticles are grown into it.     

Optimization of flank wear using Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) cutting tool: Taguchi method and Regression analysis

In this study, Taguchi method and Regression analysis have been applied to assess machinability of AISI 4340 steel with newly developed Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) ceramic inserts. Several experiments have been carried out based on an orthogonal array L₉ with three parameters (depth of cut feed rate, cutting speed) at three levels (low, medium and high). Based on the mean response and signal to noise ratio (SNR), the best optimal cutting condition has been arrived at A₂B₁C₁ i.e. cutting speed is 280 m/min, depth of cut is 0.5 mm and feed rate is 0.12 mm/rev considering the condition smaller is the better approach. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is applied to find out the significance and percentage contribution of each parameter. It has been observed that depth of cut has maximum contribution on tool wear. The mathematical model of flank wear has been developed using regression analysis as a function of the above mentioned independent variables. The predicted value from the developed model and experimental values are found to be very close to each other justifying the significance of the model. A confirmation run has been carried out with 95% confidence level to verify the optimized result and the values obtained are within the prescribed limit.     

Impacts of CO2 emission constraints on technology selection and energy resources for power generation in Bangladesh

This paper examines the impacts of CO₂ emission reduction target and carbon tax on future technologies selection and energy use in Bangladesh power sector during 2005–2035. The analyses are based on a long-term energy system model of Bangladesh using the MARKAL framework. The analysis shows that Bangladesh will not be able to meet the future energy demand without importing energy. However, alternative policies on CO₂ emission constraints reduce the burden of imported fuel, improve energy security and reduce environmental impacts. The results show that the introduction of the CO₂ emission reduction targets and carbon taxes directly affect the shift of technologies from high carbon content fossil-based to low carbon content fossil-based and clean renewable energy-based technologies compared to the base scenario. With the cumulative CO₂ emission reduction target of 10–20% and carbon tax of 2500 Taka/ton, the cumulative net energy imports during 2005–2035 would be reduced in the range of 39–65% and 37%, respectively, compared to the base scenario emission level. The total primary energy requirement would be reduced in the range of 4.5–22.3% in the CO₂ emission reduction targets and carbon tax 2500 Taka/ton scenarios and the primary energy supply system would be diversified compared to the base scenario.     

A solid transportation problem for an item with fixed charge, vechicle cost and price discounted varying charge using genetic algorithm

In this paper, discount in transportation cost on the basis of transportated amount is extended to a solid transportation problem. In a transportation model, the available discount is normally offered on items/criteria, etc., in the form AUD (all unit discount) or IQD (incremental quantity discount) or combination of these two. Here transportation model is considered with fixed charges and vechicle costs where AUD, IQD or combination of AUD and IQD on the price depending upon the amount is offered and varies on the choice of origin, destination and conveyance. To solve the problem, genetic algorithm (GA) based on Roulette wheel selection, arithmetic crossover and uniform mutation has been suitably developed and applied. To illustrate the models, numerical examples have been presented. Here, different types of constraints are introduced and the corresponding results are obtained. To have better customer service, the entropy function is considered and it is displayed by a numerical example. To exhibit the efficiency of GA, another method—weighted average method for multi-objective is presented, executed on a multi-objective problem and the results of these two methods are compared.     

Graphene/MnO2 hybrid nanosheets as high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors

Graphene/MnO₂ hybrid nanosheets were prepared by incorporating graphene and MnO₂ nanosheets in ethylene glycol. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed nanosheet morphology of the hybrid materials. Graphene/MnO₂ hybrid nanosheets with different ratios were investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge in 1 M Na₂SO₄ electrolyte. We found that the graphene/MnO₂ hybrid nanosheets with a weight ratio of 1:4 (graphene:MnO₂) delivered the highest specific capacitance of 320 F g⁻¹. Graphene/MnO₂ hybrid nanosheets also exhibited good capacitance retention on 2000 cycles.