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21.
In this study, the optimum air layer thickness of double-glazed windows is determined using the degree-days method. Calculations are obtained for ?skenderun, Kocaeli, Ankara and Ardahan which are in different climate zones of Turkey. Heating cost of the objective function is calculated for natural gas, coal, fuel-oil, electricity and LPG. The optimum air layer thickness is obtained for three different base temperatures which are 18, 20 and 22 °C. The results show that the optimum air layer thickness varies between about 12 and 15 mm depending on the climate zone, fuel type and base temperature. The effect of the fuel type and the base temperature on the optimum air layer thickness diminishes in cold zones. It is shown that with a well-optimized glazed window, up to 60% energy saving can be achieved. 相似文献
22.
Delgado-Moreno L Sánchez-Moreno L Peña A 《The Science of the total environment》2007,378(1-2):119-123
Organic matter-rich agricultural by-products are being produced in huge quantities and can be applied to soil as a disposal strategy. The application of two different rates (2 and 8% w/w) of olive cake to a Mediterranean calcareous soil resulted in an increased sorption of four triazine herbicides, which was higher for the more hydrophobic compounds (terbuthylazine and prometryn) and lower for the more polar ones (simazine and cyanazine). However, when the sorption coefficients were normalised to the total soil organic carbon (K(oc)), the results did not significantly differ between simazine and cyanazine which is an indication that the olive cake did not exert different sorption capacity for both compounds. On the contrary, K(oc) values for terbuthylazine and prometryn increased in the amended soils. Our results from experiments using mixtures of several pesticides suggest that competition for sorption sites resulted in a decrease of herbicide sorption. Desorption was hysteretical both for the amended and unamended soils, but the addition of olive cake at the highest dose diminished desorption of most of the herbicides. In conclusion, the addition of olive cake behaves as a promising method for reducing the risk of groundwater pollution by pesticides. 相似文献
23.
High‐fat diet induces endothelial dysfunction through a down‐regulation of the endothelial AMPK–PI3K–Akt–eNOS pathway
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24.
The use of bovine rumen protein (raw and extruded) as a replacement for extruded soy protein concentrate in three meat products (pork sausage, chicken hamburger, and kibbe) was investigated. Similarity between rumen and soy protein meat products was assessed using triangle tests and sensory acceptability evaluated by consumer panelists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The addition of raw rumen protein was detected in all meat product types tested, while extruded rumen protein was only detected in kibbe. The addition of raw rumen protein decreased the acceptability of pork sausage aroma and flavor, but improved kibbe appearance, texture and overall acceptability. The addition of extruded rumen protein reduced the acceptability of chicken hamburger texture, but improved pork sausage flavor. Replacement of soy protein by bovine rumen protein is feasible based upon sensory results, but depended upon its form and the type of meat product to which it was added. 相似文献
25.
In this study, we proposed to investigate how the effect of electron-donating methyl ( CH3) group at p-position of amin ( NH2) group in aminophenol (AP) compound affected thermal stability, optical, electrochemical properties, and conductivity measurement. For this reason, we choice 2-AP and 2-amino-4-methylphenol compounds and synthesized phenolic monomers by condensation reactions 4-fluorobenzaldehyde with aromatic amino phenols. Then, these monomers were converted to their polyphenol derivatives by oxidative polycondensation reactions in an aqueous alkaline medium. Structural characterizations were carried out by FTIR, NMR, and size exclusion chromatography. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics. Optical properties were investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence analyses. Solid state electrical conductivities were measured on polymer films by four-point probe technique using an electrometer. Thermal data of monomer/polymer and polymers were obtained by TG-DTA and DSC techniques, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 相似文献
26.
E. Çadırlı U. Böyük S. Engin H. Kaya N. Maraşlı M. Arı 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2010,21(5):468-474
Sn–3 wt% Cu hypereutectic alloy was directionally solidified upward with different growth rates (2.24–133.33 μm/s) at a constant
temperature gradient (4.24 K/mm) and with different temperature gradients (4.24–8.09 K/mm) at a constant growth rate (7.64 μm/s)
in the Bridgman-type growth apparatus. The measurements of microhardness of directionally solidified samples were obtained
by using a microhardness test device. The dependence of microhardness HV on the growth rate (V) and temperature gradient (G) were analyzed. According to these results, it has been found that with the increasing the values of V and G the value of HV increases. Variations of electrical resistivity (ρ) and electrical conductivity (σ) for casting samples with
the temperature in the range of 300–500 K were also measured by using a standard dc four-point probe technique. The variation
of Lorenz coefficient with the temperature for Sn–3 wt% Cu hypereutectic alloy was determined by using the measured values
of electrical and thermal conductivities. The enthalpy of fusion for same alloy was determined by means of differential scanning
calorimeter from heating trace during the transformation from eutectic liquid to eutectic solid. 相似文献
27.
The crystal structure of InSb[111]A/B surfaces shows that this structure is polarized.This means that the surfaces of InSb[111]A and InSb[111]B contain two different crystallized directions and they have different physical and chemical properties.Experiments were carried out on the InSb[111]A/B surfaces,showing that tartaric acid etchant could create a very smooth surface on the InSb[111]B without any traces of oxides and etch pit but simultaneously create etch pit on InSb[111]A surfaces.After lapping and polishing,some particles remained on the InSb[111]B surface,they could not be removed easily by standard cleaning process and if these particles remain on the surface of the substrate,the growth layer was not uniform and some island-like regions were observed.The purpose of this work is to remove these particles on the InSb[111]B surface.Some morphology images of both surfaces,InSb[111]A/B,will be presented. 相似文献
28.
29.
P. Yeo R. Arès S. P. Watkins G. A. Horley P. O’Brien A. C. Jones 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1997,26(10):1174-1177
We report the use of a new precursor, trisneopentylgallium (NPG) for the growth of GaAs by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). In
contrast to most other alkyl gallium precursors such as triethylgallium, which decompose via a β-hydride elimination mechanism,
this compound undergoes homolysis similar to that of trimethylgallium (TMGa), the normal choice as an ALE precursor. Clear
self-limiting growth behavior similar to that of TMGa was observed over a reasonably wide range of growth conditions (430–500°C).
Carbon incorporation was not significantly reduced compared with TMGa suggesting that the adsorbed neopentyl radicals undergo
decomposition to result in a methyl terminated surface identical to that obtained for growth with TMGa. 相似文献
30.