Mental health service use among young children receiving pediatric primary care

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors associated with mental health service use among young children. METHOD: Five hundred ten preschool children aged 2 through 5 years were enrolled through 68 primary care physicians, with 388 (76% of the original sample) participating in a second wave of data collection, 12 to 40 months later. Consensus DSM-III-R diagnoses were assigned using best-estimate procedures. The test battery included the Child Behavior Checklist, a developmental evaluation, the Rochester Adaptive Behavior Inventory, and a videotaped play session (preschool children) or structured interviews (older children). At wave 2, mothers completed a survey of mental health services their child had received. RESULTS: In logistic regression models, older children, children with a wave 1 DSM-III-R diagnosis, children with more total behavior problems and family conflict, and children receiving a pediatric referral were more likely to receive mental health services. Among children with a DSM-III-R diagnosis, more mental health services were received by children who were older, white, more impaired, experiencing more family conflict, and referred by a pediatrician. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with more impairment and family conflict are more likely to enter into treatment. Services among young children of different races with diagnoses are not equally distributed. Pediatric referral is an important predictor of service use.     

The role of nurses in euthanasia: a Dutch study

What role do nurses play in euthanasia? How do they experience this role and what should be their ideal role? These are the questions of a study undertaken to gain insight into the role of nurses in euthanasia. Answers to these questions were derived from 20 semistructured in-depth interviews with nurses employed in a Dutch hospital. To make clear the role of nurses in euthanasia, the issue was split up into four phases: observation of a request for euthanasia; decision making; carrying out of the request; and aftercare. This article is a brief report on the most important results regarding these four phases. Special attention will be paid to nurses who have conscientious objections. To evaluate the study results, an unambiguous interpretation of the concept of 'euthanasia' is of most importance. For that reason, Dutch laws and other regulations concerning euthanasia will be explained.     

Smart Eutectic Gallium–Indium: From Properties to Applications

Eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn), a liquid metal with a melting point close to or below room temperature, has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its excellent properties such as fluidity, high conductivity, thermal conductivity, stretchability, self-healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. These features of EGaIn can be adjusted by changing the experimental condition, and various composite materials with extended properties can be further obtained by mixing EGaIn with other materials. In this review, not only the are unique properties of EGaIn introduced, but also the working principles for the EGaIn-based devices are illustrated and the developments of EGaIn-related techniques are summarized. The applications of EGaIn in various fields, such as flexible electronics (sensors, antennas, electronic circuits), molecular electronics (molecular memory, opto-electronic switches, or reconfigurable junctions), energy catalysis (heat management, motors, generators, batteries), biomedical science (drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging and neural interfaces) are reviewed. Finally, a critical discussion of the main challenges for the development of EGaIn-based techniques are discussed, and the potential applications in new fields are prospected.     

Human information processing in science

Human information processing in science is explored by observation of success and failure attributions of scientists in a Dutch university sample. Scientific performance is measured by various bibliometric indicators, while attribution theory has been used for the classification of perceived causes of performance. Low performes appear to attribute their success and failure more to external than to internal causes as compared to high performers.     

Uptake,biotransformation, and elimination of 99Tc in duckweed

Aquatic plants may play an important role in the environmental fate of the long-lived radioactive waste product 99Tc. Aquatic plants show a strong accumulation and retention of Tc, even after they have died. This study focuses on possible bio-organic Tc compounds formed in the water dwelling plant duckweed to possibly explain the accumulation and retention. Moreover, a change in chemical speciation often implies a different fate and behaviour in the biosphere. A mild separation technique was used to distinguish between reduced Tc species and TcO(4)(-). Accumulation experiments suggested that reduction of Tc(VII)O(4)(-) and subsequent complexation are responsible for the accumulation of Tc in duckweed. A steady state concentration of TcO(4)(-) in duckweed was reached within 24 h, but the total concentration of Tc increased continuously. Only a small part (相似文献   

遗产景观的韧性设计——历史庄园景观保护与发展的景观导向区域设计方法

气候变化与城市化对圩田景观、历史村庄及其周围环境,以及那些不能只被当作“纪念碑”来保护的考古景观等文化遗产景观的管理和保护有重大影响。本研究主要关注历史庄园景观,即由乡村庄园及其所在土地决定其特征的景观。首先,气候适应是一项重大挑战,亟须解决由于温度升高而导致的水资源“盈亏”与植被的变化。此外,持续的城市化与人类日益增长的休闲需求也给庄园景观带来了空前的压力。如何应对由城市化带来的空间碎片化问题,以及如何回应休闲旅游业需求的增加而带来的庄园产权转换和功能置换等问题,是现如今庄园景观面临的巨大挑战。这些挑战的复杂性需要从区域或“直升机”视角（helicopter view）来理解庄园之间的系统性关系和内涵,从而找到各利益相关方可协作的平台。以荷兰格尔德兰省（Gelderland）为例,介绍一种基于景观的区域设计方法来理解、规划和设计历史庄园景观,即“通过设计来保护”的方法：以历史景观的空间发展结构为基础,执行核心利益相关者全过程参与机制,结合以图像为主要媒介的沟通方式,建构基于合作与共创的空间策略与准则。这是如何利用设计研究以及通过设计进行研究的典型例子。     

Ultrasmooth and Photoresist‐Free Micropore‐Based EGaIn Molecular Junctions: Fabrication and How Roughness Determines Voltage Response

In molecular electronics, it is critical to minimize the sources that can result in defective electrodes, such as contaminations related to the fabrication process (photoresist and organic residues) or roughening of the electrode during etching, because these defects hamper the formation of well‐organized molecular structures. Junctions based on micropores are desirable as they are scalable, but micropores are not fabricated on ultrasmooth template‐stripped electrodes, and may suffer from stray capacitances and leakage currents across the insulating matrix. A method is reported to fabricate micropores in AlO_x on template‐stripped Au based on a two‐step etch process so that the Au surface is not in direct contact with photoresistance during the fabrication process. These junctions do not suffer from stray capacitances or leakage currents, enable temperature variable measurements down to 8.5 K, have excellent current retention characteristics, and are stable for at least 2 months. By analyzing the normalized differential conductance curves and detailed comparison against junctions with cone‐shaped tips of EGaIn and EGaIn stabilized in a through‐hole in polydimethylsiloxane, how the surface roughness of top electrodes affects the effective contact area, influences the symmetry of the response of the junctions, and how the electrical characteristics scale with molecular length are established.     

Redispersion Microreactor System for Phase Transfer‐Catalyzed Esterification

An interdigital mixer‐redispersion capillary assembly was applied to prevent the liquid‐liquid bubbly flow coalescence in microreactors. The redispersion capillary consisted of 1‐mm‐long 0.25 mm inner‐diameter constrictions, placed every 0.50 m along the channel length. The system was tested on the phase transfer‐catalyzed esterification to produce benzyl benzoate. The application of constrictions to prevent coalescence resulted in a better reproducibility and higher conversion compared to a capillary without constrictions. The bubbly flow generated by the interdigital mixer‐redispersion capillary assembly was found to be independent of the redispersion capillary inner diameters (0.50 and 0.75 mm) while being highly dependent on the flow rates. By controlling the total flow rate and the aqueous‐to‐organic ratio, the bubbly flow surface‐to‐volume ratio could be increased up to 230 700 m²m^–3. Compared to the conventional phase transfer‐catalyzed esterification, the continuous operation in the interdigital mixer‐redispersion capillary assembly eliminated the use of solvents and bases, removing an energy‐intensive step of distillation while increasing process safety.