Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited by microwave assisted chemical vapour deposition system using d.c. bias voltage
ranging from −100 V to −300 V. These films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectroscopic
ellipsometry techniques for estimating sp3/sp2 ratio. The sp3/sp2 ratio obtained by XPS is found to have an opposite trend to that obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. These results are
explained using sub-plantation picture of DLC growth. Our results clearly indicate that the film is composed of two different
layers, having entirely different properties in terms of void percentage and sp3/sp2 ratio. The upper layer is relatively thinner as compared to the bottom layer. 相似文献
The real life structural systems are characterized by the inherent uncertainty in the definition of their parameters in the context of both space and time. In the present study a stochastic finite element method has been proposed in the frequency domain for analysis of structural dynamic problems involving uncertain parameters. The harmonic forces as well as earthquake-induced ground motion are treated as random process defined by respective power spectral density function. The uncertain structural parameters are modelled as homogeneous Gaussian stochastic field and discretized by the local averaging method. The discretized stochastic field is simulated by the Cholesky decomposition of respective covariance matrix. By expanding the uncertain dynamic stiffness matrix about its reference value the Neumann expansion method is introduced in the finite element procedure within the framework of Monte Carlo simulation. This approach involves only single decomposition of the dynamic stiffness matrix for entire simulated structure. Thus a considerable saving of computing time and the facility that several stochastic fields can be simultaneously handled are the basic advantages of the proposed formulation. Numerical examples are presented to elucidate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method with the direct Monte Carlo simulation. 相似文献
Multi-level thresholding is a helpful tool for several image segmentation applications. Evaluating the optimal thresholds can be applied using a widely adopted extensive scheme called Otsu’s thresholding. In the current work, bi-level and multi-level threshold procedures are proposed based on their histogram using Otsu’s between-class variance and a novel chaotic bat algorithm (CBA). Maximization of between-class variance function in Otsu technique is used as the objective function to obtain the optimum thresholds for the considered grayscale images. The proposed procedure is applied on a standard test images set of sizes (512 × 512) and (481 × 321). Further, the proposed approach performance is compared with heuristic procedures, such as particle swarm optimization, bacterial foraging optimization, firefly algorithm and bat algorithm. The evaluation assessment between the proposed and existing algorithms is conceded using evaluation metrics, namely root-mean-square error, peak signal to noise ratio, structural similarity index, objective function, and CPU time/iteration number of the optimization-based search. The results established that the proposed CBA provided better outcome for maximum number cases compared to its alternatives. Therefore, it can be applied in complex image processing such as automatic target recognition.
Compositional data occur as natural realizations of multivariate observations comprising element proportions of some whole
quantity. Such observations predominate in disciplines like geology, biology, ecology, economics and chemistry. Due to unit
sum constraint on compositional data, specialized statistical methods are required for analyzing these data. Dirichlet distributions
were originally used to study compositional data even though this family of distribution is not appropriate (see Aitchison,
1986) because of their extreme independence properties. Aitchison (1982) endeavored to provide a viable alternative to existing
methods by employing Logistic Normal distribution to analyze such constrained data. However this family does not include the
Dirichlet class and is therefore unable to address the issue of extreme independence. In this paper generalized Liouville
family is investigated to model compositional data which includes covariates. This class permits distributions that admit
negative or mixed correlation and also contains non-Dirichlet distributions with non-positive correlation and overcomes deficits
in the Dirichlet class. Semiparametric Bayesian methods are proposed to estimate the probability density. Predictive distributions
are used to assess performance of the model. The methods are illustrated on a real data set. 相似文献
Ziegler-Nichols tuned PI and PID controllers are usually found to provide poor performances for high-order and nonlinear systems. In this study, an improved auto-tuning scheme is presented for Ziegler-Nichols tuned PI controllers (ZNPICs). With a view to improving the transient response, the proportional and integral gains of the proposed controller are continuously modified based on the current process trend. The proposed controller is tested for a number of high-order linear and nonlinear dead-time processes under both set-point change and load disturbance. It exhibits significantly improved performance compared to ZNPIC, and Refined Ziegler-Nichols tuned PI controller (RZNPIC). Robustness of the proposed scheme is established by varying the controller parameters as well as the dead-time of the process under control. 相似文献
Silicon - To implement sustainability concepts in the construction industry, the possibility of utilizing the recycled fine aggregate obtained from the crushing of coarse aggregate debris of... 相似文献
To extract iridium(III), various physicochemical parameters were studied. 2-Octylaminopyridine was used for the extraction of iridium(III) from acetate medium at 8.5 pH. Quantitative extraction of iridium(III) was achieved via ion-pair formation of cation [2-OAPH+] and anion [Ir(CH3COO)4]?. The stripping of iridium(III)-laden organic phase was carried out 2 M HCl (3 × 10 mL) . The stoichiometry of the extracted ion–pair complex was found to be 1:4:1 (metal: acetate: extractant). The extracted species [2-OAPH+. Ir(CH3COO)4?] is assumed to be an ion association product of [Ir(CH3COO)4] ? and [2-OAPH]+. The proposed method was successfully used in the separation of iridium(III) from binary and ternary mixtures. Analysis of various alloy samples was also carried out. 相似文献
A polyester urethane was synthesized for use in a biodegradable scaffold. The polyurethane was synthesized in a two-step process: first, ester diol was synthesized from lactic acid and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), then it was polymerized with toluene diisocyanate using dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst to form a polyester urethane. Polyester urethane has tensile strength of 51-59 MPa and elongation at fracture of 369-439%. FTIR and XRD were used to confirm the formation and structure of the polymer. Hydrolytic degradation was studied in different alkali solutions and in saline water. In order to assess the cellular response of this material, cytotoxicity analysis was carried out against the cell line. 相似文献