Einfluß des Gefüges auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Gußeisen mit rd. 3% C und 14% Cr für Walzen

Ermittlung der mechanischen Eigenschaften unterschiedlicher Bereiche gegossener Walzen mit 360 mm Ballendurchmesser und 200 mm Zapfendurchmesser aus drei Schmelzen eines Gußeisens mit rd. 3% C, 0,8% Si, 0,8% Mn, 0,14% P, 0,014% S, 14,2% Cr, 0,35% Mo und 0,5% Ni in zwei Wärmebehandlungszuständen. Zahlenmäßiger Zusammenhang zwischen der Biegefließgrenze und geeigneten Kennwerten für den Gefügezustand unter Bezugnahme auf die Beanspruchungsrichtung. Einfluß des Gefügezustandes auf das Formänderungsverhalten im statischen Biegeversuch.     

Doping modulation by electric currents in lithium niobate during crystal growth

The segregation coefficient of impurities being effective during crystal growth of LiNbO₃ from the melt can be influenced by electric currents through the growing interface. Examples are given for chromium dopings where the changes in concentration can easily be measured by optical methods. The effect can be used to mark the growing interface, to superimpose time markers during growth, and to generate periodic and aperiodic doping structures. Indications are given that the effect is due rather to electrochemical processes at the interface than to a change in growth rate caused by the Peltier effect.     

Einfluß der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Abkühlungsbedingungen auf den Gefügezustand von Gußeisen mit rd. 3% C und 14% Cr für Walzen

Abguß von drei Walzenkörpern aus verschleißfestem Gußeisen mit 2,95 bis 3,16% C, rd. 0,8% Si, rd. 0,8% Mn, rd. 0,14% P, rd. 0,014% S, rd. 14% Cr, rd. 0,35% Mo und rd. 0,5% Ni. Abkühlgeschwindigkeit nach dem Abguß. Rechnerische Ermittlung der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Mengenanteile der sich ausscheidenden Gefügebestandteile. Metallographische Gefügeuntersuchungen. Abstand der Sekundärarme der Mischkristalldendriten sowie Länge und Dicke der Carbidteilchen als Kenngrößen zur zahlenmäßigen Gefügebeschreibung. Einfluß der Abkühlungsbedingungen auf den Zustand des Primär- und des Sekundärgefüges.     

Orthogonality of information structures

Summary In the mathematical framework of data spaces the paper develops some important general principles of information structuring. These principles are related to the notions of redundancy of information, completeness of a set of access paths, information sharing and compounding, and virtual access to information. The results are relevant to both sequential and concurrent processing.This research is supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-77-C-0536 through the University of Southern CaliforniaA version of this paper was presented at the Conference on Theoretical Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15–17, 1977     

Tunable microfluidic microlenses

A novel type of liquid microlens, bounded by a microfabricated, distensible membrane and activated by a microfluidic liquid-handling system, is presented. By use of an elastomer membrane fabricated by spin coating onto a dry-etched silicon substrate, the liquid-filled cavity acts as a lens whereby applied pressure changes the membrane distension and thus the focal length. Both plano-convex and plano-concave lenses, individual elements as well as arrays, were fabricated and tested. The lens surface roughness was seen to be approximately 9 nm rms, and the focal length could be tuned from 1 to 18 mm. This lens represents a robust, self-contained tunable optical structure suitable for use in, for example, a medical environment.     

Importance-driven feature enhancement in volume visualization

This paper presents importance-driven feature enhancement as a technique for the automatic generation of cut-away and ghosted views out of volumetric data. The presented focus+context approach removes or suppresses less important parts of a scene to reveal more important underlying information. However, less important parts are fully visible in those regions, where important visual information is not lost, i.e., more relevant features are not occluded. Features within the volumetric data are first classified according to a new dimension, denoted as object importance. This property determines which structures should be readily discernible and which structures are less important. Next, for each feature, various representations (levels of sparseness) from a dense to a sparse depiction are defined. Levels of sparseness define a spectrum of optical properties or rendering styles. The resulting image is generated by ray-casting and combining the intersected features proportional to their importance (importance compositing). The paper includes an extended discussion on several possible schemes for levels of sparseness specification. Furthermore, different approaches to importance compositing are treated.     

The effect of natural flow of aquifers and associated dispersion on the onset of buoyancy‐driven convection in a saturated porous medium

Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline aquifers is an important option for managing CO₂ emissions. Injected CO₂ dissolves into formation brines from above, increasing brine density and creating an unstable hydrodynamic state favorable for natural convection. Long‐term buoyancy‐driven flow of high‐density CO₂‐saturated brine leads to faster trapping through improved dissolution and can reduce the risk of CO₂ leakage from storage sites. We investigate the role of natural flow of aquifers and associated dispersion on the onset of convection. A linear stability analysis of a transient concentration field in a laterally infinite, horizontal, and saturated porous layer with steady horizontal flow is presented. The layer is subjected to a sudden rise in CO₂ concentration from the top and is closed from the bottom. Solution of the stability equations is obtained using a Galerkin technique and the resulting equations are integrated numerically. We found simple scaling relationships that follow t_Dc～60(1 + Pe_T)Ra^‐2 for the onset time of convection and a～0.05Ra/(1 + Pe_T) for the wavenumber of the initial instabilities. Results reveal that transverse dispersion increases the time to onset of convection for the entire range of Ra. Furthermore, transverse dispersion decreases the critical wavenumber of the instabilities. These results facilitate screening candidate sites for geological CO₂ storage. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009