Chemical analysis of volatiles emitted by Pinus svlvestris after induction by insect oviposition

Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analyses of the headspace volatiles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) induced by egg deposition of the sawfly Diprion pini were conducted. The odor blend of systemically oviposition-induced pine twigs, attractive for the eulophid egg parasitoid Chrysonotomyia ruforum, was compared to volatiles released by damaged pine twigs (control) that are not attractive for the parasitoid. The mechanical damage inflicted to the control twigs mimicked the damage by a sawfly female prior to egg deposition. The odor blend released by oviposition-induced pine twigs consisted of numerous mono- and sesquiterpenes, which all were also present in the headspace of the artificially damaged control twigs. A quantitative comparison of the volatiles from oviposition-induced twigs and controls revealed that only the amounts of (E)--farnesene were significantly higher in the volatile blend of the oviposition-induced twigs. Volatiles from pine twigs treated with jasmonic acid (JA) also attract the egg parasitoid. No qualitative differences were detected when comparing the composition of the headspace of JA-treated pine twigs with the volatile blend of untreated control twigs. JA-treated pine twigs released significantly higher amounts of (E)--farnesene. However, the JA treatment induced a significant increase of the amount of further terpenoid components. The release of terpenoids by pine after wounding, egg deposition, and JA treatment is discussed with special respect to (E)--farnesene.     

轻松三步添加USB功能

正对于当今的系统设计人员来说,通过一种快速且容易的方法把嵌入式系统连接到计算机已经成为系统设计的必要条件。而能使嵌入式应用与计算机通信的最常见方法是采用通用串行总线(USB),几乎可以在每一台台式电脑、笔记本电脑和平板电脑上发现通用串行总线。随着USB的普及,嵌入式开发人员面临着学习挑战,即如何使用USB协议以及如何把它集成到系统中。问题     

Wear Mechanism when Machining Compacted Graphite Iron

The industrial application of compacted graphite iron in the automotive industry is taking a rather long time due to its uneconomic machinability, because of a significant decrease in tool life. After six years of holistic research of the PTW in cooperation with foundries, manufactures and material scientists, the wear mechanism was understood and clarified: Sulphur in the microstructure of compacted graphite iron has direct influence on the formation of a manganese-sulphur layer on the cutting edge. For machining gray cast iron this layer protects the cutting edge against abrasive wear. Therefore the design of cutting tools for the machining of CGI must consider the absence of manganese-sulphur layer.     

Life time dependency on the pre-coating treatment of a thermal barrier coating under thermal cycling

A thermal barrier coating system consisting of the single crystalline Ni-based superalloy CMSX 4, a Pt aluminide bond coat and an EB-PVD processed ceramic top coat was thermally cycled in order to study the influence of three different treatments prior the deposition of the ceramic top coat. Besides the standard treatment, one type of treatment was annealing in vacuum, while the other was annealing in an O containing ArH atmosphere; in both cases for 4 h at 1080 °C.Compared to the standard treatment, annealing in vacuum almost doubled and annealing in ArH atmosphere almost tripled the cyclic life time of the ceramic coating. The improvement was related to the creation of a defined alumina scale before and during TBC deposition.     

Using Discriminative Dimensionality Reduction to Visualize Classifiers

Neural Processing Letters - Albeit automated classifiers offer a standard tool in many application areas, there exists hardly a generic possibility to directly inspect their behavior, which goes...     

Expert assessment of coital injuries from the forensic medicine viewpoint

A 38-year-old woman was transmitted to hospital with profuse vaginal bleeding. The origin of the vaginal injuries (resulting from "normal" sexual intercourse vs. use of instruments for manipulation in the vagina) was obscure. The wound pattern is presented and the literature on the subject is reviewed with special reference to predisposing factors and genesis of coital injuries. Concerning the wound pattern, reflecting a blunt trauma, a manipulation with a (so far unknown) instrument, but also with finger or hand could not be proved with the required certainty. In the presented case the origin of the vaginal injuries from "normal" sexual intercourse as described by the accused man could not be excluded.     

In situ exploration of large dynamic networks

The analysis of large dynamic networks poses a challenge in many fields, ranging from large bot-nets to social networks. As dynamic networks exhibit different characteristics, e.g., being of sparse or dense structure, or having a continuous or discrete time line, a variety of visualization techniques have been specifically designed to handle these different aspects of network structure and time. This wide range of existing techniques is well justified, as rarely a single visualization is suitable to cover the entire visual analysis. Instead, visual representations are often switched in the course of the exploration of dynamic graphs as the focus of analysis shifts between the temporal and the structural aspects of the data. To support such a switching in a seamless and intuitive manner, we introduce the concept of in situ visualization--a novel strategy that tightly integrates existing visualization techniques for dynamic networks. It does so by allowing the user to interactively select in a base visualization a region for which a different visualization technique is then applied and embedded in the selection made. This permits to change the way a locally selected group of data items, such as nodes or time points, are shown--right in the place where they are positioned, thus supporting the user's overall mental map. Using this approach, a user can switch seamlessly between different visual representations to adapt a region of a base visualization to the specifics of the data within it or to the current analysis focus. This paper presents and discusses the in situ visualization strategy and its implications for dynamic graph visualization. Furthermore, it illustrates its usefulness by employing it for the visual exploration of dynamic networks from two different fields: model versioning and wireless mesh networks.     

Crystal: Integrating Structured Queries into a Tactic Language

We present the language CRStL (Control Rule Strategy Language, pronounce “crystal”) to formulate mathematical reasoning techniques as proof strategies in the context of the proof assistant Ωmega. The language is arranged in two levels, a query language to access mathematical knowledge maintained in development graphs, and a strategy language to annotate the results of these queries with further control information. The two-leveled structure of the language allows the specification of proof techniques in a declarative way. We present the syntax and semantics of CRStL and illustrate its use by examples.     

Study on TSV isolation liners for a Via Last approach with the use in 3D-WLP for MEMS

This paper discusses approaches for the isolation of deep high aspect ratio through silicon vias (TSV) with respect to a Via Last approach for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Selected TSV samples have depths in the range of 170…270 µm and a diameter of 50 µm. The investigations comprise the deposition of different layer stacks by means of subatmospheric and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of tetraethyl orthosilicate; Si(OC₂H₅)₄ (TEOS). Moreover, an etch-back approach and the selective deposition on SiN were also included in the investigations. With respect to the Via Last approach, the contact opening at the TSV bottom by means of a specific spacer-etching method have been addressed within this paper. Step coverage values of up to 74 % were achieved for the best of those approaches. As an alternative to the SiO₂-isolation liners a polymer coating based on the CVD of Parylene F was investigated, which yields even higher step coverage in the range of 80 % at the lower TSV sidewall for a surface film thickness of about 1000 nm. Leakage current measurements were performed and values below 0.1 nA/cm² at 10 kV/cm were determined for the Parylene F films which represents a promising result for the aspired application to Via Last MEMS-TSV.