Changes in pigment profile and surface colour of fig (Ficus carica L.) during drying

In this study, anthocyanins in three fresh fig varieties (Ficus carica L.) cultivated in Turkey were characterised and quantified by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS. In addition, the carotenoid composition of Sar?lop and Sar?zeybek, yellow fig varieties, was determined, and then the ripening‐ and drying‐related changes in carotenoids and surface colour of figs were monitored during conventional sun‐drying. Four different anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3,5‐diglucoside, cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (major anthocyanin) and pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside, were identified in samples. Lutein, zeaxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin and β‐carotene were carotenoids in yellow fig varieties. Approximately 80% of carotenoid compounds in yellow fig varieties degraded at the end of drying (i.e. seventh day). L (lightness), a (redness and greenness) and b (yellowness and blueness) colour parameters were measured by Hunter Lab system. Great changes in carotenoid composition and surface colour were observed at ripening stage on tree. A significant reduction in L and b values that refers to browning in figs was made in the first 3 days of drying process.     

Capacitated clustering problem in computational biology: Combinatorial and statistical approach for sibling reconstruction

The capacitated clustering problem (CCP) has been studied in a wide range of applications. In this study, we investigate a challenging CCP in computational biology, namely, sibling reconstruction problem (SRP). The goal of SRP is to establish the sibling relationship (i.e., groups of siblings) of a population from genetic data. The SRP has gained more and more interests from computational biologists over the past decade as it is an important and necessary keystone for studies in genetic and population biology. We propose a large-scale mixed-integer formulation of the CCP for SRP that is based on both combinatorial and statistical genetic concepts. The objective is not only to find the minimum number of sibling groups, but also to maximize the degree of similarity of individuals in the same sibling groups while each sibling group is subject to genetic constraints derived from Mendel's laws. We develop a new randomized greedy optimization algorithm to effectively and efficiently solve this SRP. The algorithm consists of two key phases: construction and enhancement. In the construction phase, a greedy approach with randomized perturbation is applied to construct multiple sibling groups iteratively. In the enhancement phase, a two-stage local search with a memory function is used to improve the solution quality with respect to the similarity measure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm using real biological data sets and compare it with state-of-the-art approaches in the literature. We also test it on larger simulated data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provide the best reconstruction solutions.     

面向时代的设计理念

设计是一种文化活动,产品是特定文化的载体,它不仅仅是功能和形式的结合体,它表达的还有人类的生存方式和对自然的态度.进入21世纪,我们面临来自环境的巨大挑战,扬弃人类中心论,建立正确的人文价值观,处理好人与自然的关系,使人与自然和谐地发展.在资源的开发和利用与生态环境的保育方面坚持走可持续发展的道路,只有这样人类才能创造美好的未来.同样,长期支配我们设计领域的狭隘的人本主义的设计方法和评价体系,应该受到重新审视和修正.     

牙舟陶符号的意向性探析

牙舟陶属贵州历史最悠久,最具代表性的陶艺。现已成为贵州独具特色的非物质文化遗产之一。本文从牙舟陶符号视角出发,对牙舟陶作为物质对象的意向性和作为符号的意向性进行了探讨。从而对牙舟陶作为贵州特有的非物质文化遗产的保护和传承以及开发与应用研究开辟了新的思维方法,这对贵州省民族民间文化艺术的进步以及经济和社会的全面协调发展均有着重要的作用和意义。     

Organic acids and sugars composition of harvested pomegranate fruits

For two consecutive seasons, 40 Spanish pomegranate cultivars (cvs) were analysed and their individual organic acids and sugars compositions were examined. Intervarietal differences in acidity content reported by different authors were confirmed. According to organoleptic characteristics and chemical compositions three groups of varieties were established: sweet (SWV), soursweet (SSWV) and sour (SV). On average, for two seasons, total organic acids on a dry basis ranged between 0.317 g/100 g (SWV) and 2.725 g/100 g (SV). Citric, malic, oxalic, acetic (first reported here), fumaric, tartaric and lactic acids were detected, although lactic and fumaric were not quantifiable. On average, for both seasons, citric acid was predominant with a range of 0.142–2.317 g/100 g (average content for all CVS, 0.282 g/100 g). Malic acid was the second most abundant, with a range of 0.135–0.176 g/100 g (average of 0.139 g/100 g). Total sugars ranged between 11.43 g/100 g and 13.5 g/100 g. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were detected, although maltose (first reported here) was not quantifiable. Fructose ranged between 5.96 g/100 g and 7.04 g/100 g, with an average of 6.58 g/100 g, quite similar to that of glucose (6.14 g/100 g). Sour cv showed the lowest fructose and glucose contents. The average sucrose content was 0.01 g/100 g. Other differences among the groups of cvs were detected. Low total sugars and high acids were found in SV. The SSWV group had higher sugars than the SV. However, no difference in total sugars between SSWV and SWV was found. A lower acids content than SV but higher than SWV was found in the SSWV group. No other studies have been published so far on the individual organic acids and sugars of pomegranate fruit. Received: 27 July 1999 / Revised version: 28 September 1999     

Modified-atmosphere packaging of minimally processed “Lollo Rosso” (Lactuca sativa) Phenolic metabolites and quality changes

 The effect of modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the amount of soluble phenolics in, and the visual appearance of, white, green and red tissues of minimally processed “Lollo Rosso” lettuce were evaluated. Minimal processing induced a two-fold increase in the amount of soluble phenylpropanoids in the midribs during storage in air at 5°C. When the lettuce was stored in the presence of 2–3% O₂ and 12–14% CO₂, this increase was not induced and no browning was observed. A particularly marked decrease in the amount of phenylpropanoids was observed in MAP-stored green and red tissues. The concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins did not change much in midribs and green tissues, while they were significantly degraded in red tissues under MAP conditions. MAP storage proved useful in the prevention of browning, the main cause of quality loss in minimally processed “Lollo Rosso” lettuce. However, MAP storage was not so beneficial for the preservation of the quality of red tissues and, in fact, their overall visual quality, texture, aroma and macroscopic breakdown under MAP conditions were worse than those of air-stored tissues. Received: 5 November 1997     

能控制任意波形发生器的并行端口

你可以用PC的并行端口和少量的外接部件来构成一个功能强大和使用方便的任意波形发生器。使用Visual Basic程序与图1所示电路,只要输入相应的波形特征方程,就可以产生任何波形(例如,正弦波、三角波、调幅波、调频波或按指数衰减的波形)。就图1电路而言,并行端口与4个锁存器(IC_1、IC_2、IC_5和IC_6)相连接。IC_5提供控制信号,IC_1和IC_6把数据传送到存储器,IC_2控制一个VFC(电压-频率转换器)。在负载波形运算期间,波形数据从并行端口经由锁存器芯片IC_1和IC_6传送到存储器芯片IC_7和IC_10。二进制计数器IC_9使存储器地址顺序递增,以使每个存储单元存入一个独特的16位二进制字。每个二进制字与一个波形数据点相对应。在负载波形运算期间,存储器的配置允许对其写入信息(例如,～OE=1,～WE=0)。     

Decision tables for general-purpose scientific programming

Decision tables are shown, by example, to be a viable alternative to conventional algorithmic languages for general-purpose scientific programming.