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Oral discourse is the primary form of human–human communication, hence, computer interfaces that communicate via unstructured spoken dialogues will presumably provide a more efficient, meaningful, and naturalistic interaction experience. Within the context of learning environments, there are theoretical positions supporting a speech facilitation hypothesis that predicts that spoken tutorial dialogues will increase learning more than typed dialogues. We evaluated this hypothesis in an experiment where 24 participants learned computer literacy via a spoken and a typed conversation with AutoTutor, an intelligent tutoring system with conversational dialogues. The results indicated that (a) enhanced content coverage was achieved in the spoken condition; (b) learning gains for both modalities were on par and greater than a no-instruction control; (c) although speech recognition errors were unrelated to learning gains, they were linked to participants' evaluations of the tutor; (d) participants adjusted their conversational styles when speaking compared to typing; (e) semantic and statistical natural language understanding approaches to comprehending learners' responses were more resilient to speech recognition errors than syntactic and symbolic-based approaches; and (f) simulated speech recognition errors had differential impacts on the fidelity of different semantic algorithms. We discuss the impact of our findings on the speech facilitation hypothesis and on human–computer interfaces that support spoken dialogues. 相似文献
84.
We explored the reliability of detecting learners' affect by monitoring their gross body language (body position and arousal) during interactions with an intelligent tutoring system called AutoTutor. Training and validation data on affective states were collected in a learning session with AutoTutor, after which the learners' affective states (i.e., emotions) were rated by the learner, a peer, and two trained judges. An automated body pressure measurement system was used to capture the pressure exerted by the learner on the seat and back of a chair during the tutoring session. We extracted two sets of features from the pressure maps. The first set focused on the average pressure exerted, along with the magnitude and direction of changes in the pressure during emotional experiences. The second set of features monitored the spatial and temporal properties of naturally occurring pockets of pressure. We constructed five data sets that temporally integrated the affective judgments with the two sets of pressure features. The first four datasets corresponded to judgments of the learner, a peer, and two trained judges, whereas the final data set integrated judgments of the two trained judges. Machine-learning experiments yielded affect detection accuracies of 73%, 72%, 70%, 83%, and 74%, respectively (chance = 50%) in detecting boredom, confusion, delight, flow, and frustration, from neutral. Accuracies involving discriminations between two, three, four, and five affective states (excluding neutral) were 71%, 55%, 46%, and 40% with chance rates being 50%, 33%, 25%, and 20%, respectively. 相似文献
85.
川南石刻图像自动识别系统中的预处理是十分关键的一步,预处理效果的好坏直接关系到后面特征提取与识别的质量.论文详细讨论了图像预处理的方法与过程,并在此基础上提出基于数学形态学的川南石刻图像分割、灰度、二值化、增强、边缘提取等预处理方法,最后在仿真实验中证明了该方法的有效性. 相似文献
86.
World Wide Web - With growing concern of data privacy violations, privacy preservation processes become more intense. The k-anonymity method, a widely applied technique, transforms the data such... 相似文献
87.
Cristina García-Viguera Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán Federico Ferreres Francisco Artés Francisco Tomás-Lorente 《European Food Research and Technology》1993,197(3):255-259
An easy technique that enables the analysis of flavonoids from citrus jams is described. The flavonoids from commercial sour orange, sweet orange, mandarin, lemon, bitter lemon, grapefruit and lime jams were analysed by HPLC. Each citrus jam has a characteristic flavonoid pattern that can be used in genuineness determinations. Commercial jams produced with mixtures of orange, lemon and grapefruit can easily be characterized by HPLC. No differences between the flavonoid profiles of natural fruits and those of the corresponding jams were observed, showing that the manufacturing process does not affect the flavonoid profile and, therefore, that this profile can be used in genuineness studies. 相似文献
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Art Klandermans 《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》1989,4(2):123-131
Conclusion The viewpoint of the cities is very different from that of the Secretary of State for Housing. This can be clearly seen in
how these two parties develop a housing policy. And their differences translate into highly divergent consequences for the
level of rent. Clearly, it will prove no easy matter to marry these opposing parties. The suggestions put forward by the Secretary
of State have also been criticized by other voices, and alternative proposals have been made. Various Dutch political parties
have presented their ideas on the question of housing, and bodies such as the Dutch Trades Unions, the Association of Dutch
Local Councils, housing associations and tenants' associations have written recommendations and held public enquiries on the
topic. Let us hope that despite the enormous differences in attitude, there will be a gradual drawing together. The housing
branch covers a large areait needs to increase by at least one million dwellings, and to improve existing dwellings by the
expenditure of at least 30 thousand million and at most 60 billion guilders. A joint effort from the bodies involved in housing
is now urgently needed. The cities have made their ideas abundantly clear and the research carried out by the University of
Delft, has shown that these plans are financially viable. 相似文献
90.
Francisco Artés‐Hernández Víctor Hugo Escalona Pedro Antonio Robles Ginés Benito Martínez‐Hernández Francisco Artés 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2009,89(3):414-421
BACKGROUND: The fresh‐cut vegetable industry commonly uses sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for disinfection. However, certain problems with NaOCl usage have led to the investigation of alternative sanitisation treatments. In this respect, UV‐C radiation could be of interest. RESULTS: The effect of four pre‐packaging UV‐C radiation doses (0, 4.54, 7.94 and 11.35 kJ m?2) and two storage temperatures (5 and 8 °C) on the quality of minimally processed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves was studied over a period of 13 days. UV‐C radiation decreased mesophilic and psychrophilic counts just after its application compared with conventional sanitisation washing (150 mg L?1 NaOCl). However, UV‐C had no residual effect on microbial growth from 6 to 13 days at 5 and 8 °C. During shelf‐life a slight loss of lightness was found, probably related to superficial tissue damage induced particularly in higher‐UV‐C treated leaves. Total antioxidant activity and polyphenol content decreased gradually throughout storage, being more evident in higher‐UV‐C treated leaves stored at 8 °C. The general trend was to maintain the initial chlorophyll content during shelf‐life. CONCLUSION: Low to moderate UV‐C radiation can be an effective alternative to chlorine for sanitising minimally processed spinach leaves and preserving their quality. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献