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101.
102.
Anna Maija K Sjberg Jari P Tuominen Tuomo Kiutamo Satu M Luukkonen 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1992,59(1):65-75
A method was developed for the detection of irradiation of chicken and chicken meat products. The method consists of the extraction of fat from chicken skin or a chicken meat product, separation of hydrocarbons with an alumina column and gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry analyses of the hydrocarbons 16:2, 16:3, 17:1 and 17:2 formed from oleic, linoleic and stearic acids during irradiation. These hydrocarbons were only detected in irradiated samples at doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The mean concentrations of the hydrocarbons were linearly related to the dose levels of irradiation in the case of chicken fat. The concentrations of two of the hydrocarbons (16:2 and 17:1) gave the best correlation with dose. When a dose of 10 kGy was used, the concentrations of major degradation products were 1.5-5.0 mg/kg fat. The same relationship was not found in the case of chicken meat products because the amounts of hydrocarbons detected after irradiation with the same doses were similar. On the basis of this study it was clearly demonstrated that it is possible to judge analytically whether or not a chicken sample or a chicken meat product has been irradiated at doses of 5 or 10 kGy. It should also be possible to recognise samples irradiated with doses below 5 kGy. 相似文献
103.
Malvankar NS Vargas M Nevin KP Franks AE Leang C Kim BC Inoue K Mester T Covalla SF Johnson JP Rotello VM Tuominen MT Lovley DR 《Nature nanotechnology》2011,6(9):573-579
Electronic nanostructures made from natural amino acids are attractive because of their relatively low cost, facile processing and absence of toxicity. However, most materials derived from natural amino acids are electronically insulating. Here, we report metallic-like conductivity in films of the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens and also in pilin nanofilaments (known as microbial nanowires) extracted from these bacteria. These materials have electronic conductivities of ~5?mS?cm(-1), which are comparable to those of synthetic metallic nanostructures. They can also conduct over distances on the centimetre scale, which is thousands of times the size of a bacterium. Moreover, the conductivity of the biofilm can be tuned by regulating gene expression, and also by varying the gate voltage in a transistor configuration. The conductivity of the nanofilaments has a temperature dependence similar to that of a disordered metal, and the conductivity could be increased by processing. 相似文献
104.
Wettability of a solid surface by a liquid plays an important role in several phenomena and applications, for example in adhesion, printing, and self‐cleaning. In particular, wetting of rough surfaces has attracted great scientific interest in recent decades. Superhydrophobic surfaces, which possess extraordinary water repelling properties due to their low surface energy and specific nanometer‐ and micrometer‐scale roughness, are of particular interest due to the great variety of potential applications ranging from self‐cleaning surfaces to microfluidic devices. In recent years, the potential of superhydrophobic cellulose‐based materials in the function of smart devices and functional clothing has been recognized, and in the past few years cellulose‐based materials have established themselves among the most frequently used substrates for superhydrophobic coatings. In this Review, over 40 different approaches to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings on cellulose‐based materials are discussed in detail. In addition to the anti‐wetting properties of the coatings, particular attention is paid to coating durability and other incorporated functionalities such as gas permeability, transparency, UV‐shielding, photoactivity, and self‐healing properties. Potential applications for the superhydrophobic cellulose‐based materials range from water‐ and stain‐repellent, self‐cleaning and breathable clothing to cheap and disposable lab‐on‐a‐chip devices made from renewable sources with reduced material consumption. 相似文献
105.
A. Müller L. KranzlP. Tuominen E. BoelmanM. Molinari A.G. Entrop 《Energy and Buildings》2011,43(12):3609-3617
Exergy represents the ability of an energy carrier to perform work and can be seen as a core indicator for measuring its quality. In this article we postulate that energy prices reflect the exergy content of the underlying energy carrier and that capital expenditures can substitute for exergy to some degree.We draw our line of argumentation from cost and technology data for heating systems of four European countries: Austria, Finland, The Netherlands, and Sweden. Firstly, this paper shows that the overall consumer costs for different heating options, widely installed in those countries, are in the same range. In this analysis we derived an overall standard deviation of about 8%. Secondly, additional analysis demonstrates that the share of capital costs on total heating cost increases with lower exergy input. Based on the data used in this analysis, we conclude that for the case of modern cost effective heating systems the substitution rate between exergy and capital is in the vicinity of 2/3. This means that by reducing the average specific exergy input of the applied energy carriers by one unit, the share of capital costs on the total costs increases by 2/3 of a unit. 相似文献