Carcass measurements and meat quality characteristics of dairy suckling kids compared to an indigenous genotype

Effects of genotype on carcass measurements and meat quality were investigated by using 24 suckling kids from Turkish Saanen, Gokceada and Maltese breeds. Carcass quality characteristics of indigenous kids (Gokceada) were lower than those of dairy type (Turkish Saanen and Maltese) kids. Breed effect on ultimate meat pH, cooking loss, drip loss and Warner Bratzler shear force values were not significant. Meat samples from Turkish Saanen kids had higher redness (at 0, 1 and 24 h) and yellowness (at 24 h) values than Gokceada kids (P < 0.05). Breed had no significant effect on sensory characteristics except flavour intensity. Flavour intensity scores given to meat samples of Maltese kids were higher than those of Turkish Saanen and Gokceada kids (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dairy type breeds should be considered for meat production as well, with meat from Maltese kids potentially offering better colour and flavour intensity than that of Turkish Saanen kids.     

Comparison of five humic acids

The ultimate analyses, u.v-visible absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and i.r. spectra of five humic acids have been studied. One was obtained commercially from peat, two from organic-rich soils, one from an estuary and one from a marine sediment. The u.v. spectra were used to compare average molecular weights which varied from 800 to 7000 and increased with the atomic $\text{H}\text{C}$ ratio. Fluorescence appeared to be due to poly-nuclear aromatic structures. All the humic acids showed maximum excitation at 360 nm and developed maximum emission in the range 430–455 nm but the humic acids from sediments showed an additional emission maximum at ~410 nm. Fluorescence from the peat humic acid was broad and secondary emission was observed with a maximum at 520 nm which was attributed to the formation of excimers. Fluorescence has been used to monitor the interaction of cations with humic acids in solutions of different ionic strengths which shows promise for distinguishing between metat—humate complex formation and the coagulation of a colloid. The structures of the humic acids are discussed in terms of the structures possessed by lignites.     

Bearing strength of pin‐connected polymer composites subjected to dynamic loading

In this study, static load bearing strength of pin‐connected carbon fiber‐reinforced polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) composites that have [(0°/90°)]_3s stacking sequence was investigated. Firstly, the samples were loaded dynamically, and then the same samples were loaded statically. The results obtained from this sequential experiment were compared with the results obtained from samples that were loaded only statically. In addition, the fatigue life and failure mechanisms were investigated with respect to the selection of the geometrical parameters. Dynamic and static loading experiments were performed according to the ASTM STP 749 and ASTM D953 standards, respectively. To obtain optimum load bearing values, the ratio of distance between the edge and hole center to hole diameter (E/D) and ratio of sample width to hole diameter (W/D) has been systematically changed. According to the experimental results, maximum load bearing values have been obtained when E/D ratio was equal to 2. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Experimental evaluation of the influence of macro circumferential residual stress on the wear resistance of some metals

To investigate the effect of residual stress on the wear resistance of metals, macro circumferential residual stresses σ^I were modelled as externally applied stress, below the yield stress of the material because residual stress cannot exceed yield stress, with a special apparatus. In order to compare the effect of residual stress on wear resistance, three different stress levels were applied to each specimen, 0 R_e, 0.5 R_e, and 0.8 R_e. A full programme of testing under all combinations of factors would be very expensive and time consuming, so, in the present case, all the other factors were fixed at constant values, while the chosen factor was varied in a controlled way in a series of tests. There has been no universally accepted theory or law on the effect of residual stress on wear resistance. In this study, the wear results for dry wear tests in terms of residual stress applied mechanically to specimens were very difficult to interpret.