Electromyography as an aid in the prevention of excessive shoulder strain

Disorders in the musculo-skeletal system constitute the most common reasons for lowered working capacity and sick-leave in the engineering industry. The symptoms are often located in the neck-shoulder-arm and are greatly influenced by unfavourable muscle loads. A method for the routine study of muscular activity has been developed and tested for the purpose of reducing the risk of such work-related disorders. This method is based on the application of an electromyographic (EMG) technique and is primarily intended to facilitate the ergonomic assessment and the selection of alternative work postures. The tests performed confirm that EMG studies, in a simplified version for the shop-floor, may constitute a valuable aid for an objective analysis. They demonstrate that the EMG equipment used offers good possibilities to detect differences in muscle load in different work postures and that it meets the requirements for rapid presentation of the measured values, a simple analysis procedure, use on the shop-floor and simple handling.     

用氩气和氯气吹洗的方法从Al—Mg合金中除去钠

用5■公斤批量熔体研究了从Al—Mg合金中除钠,使之降到1ppm水平。采用了不同的方法:用叶轮机械搅拌;叶轮搅拌+MgCl_2盐覆盖;叶轮搅拌+惰性气体(氩气)吹洗,同时用盐覆盖或不用盐覆盖;叶轮搅拌,惰性气体+2％Cl_2吹洗。叶轮有一个单一的气体入口与空心轴相通。本试验给出了Na-时间关系曲线,它是用Na+1/2Cl_2=NaCl反应的化学计算法简单确定的。其理由是气泡熔体的接触面积足够大。在各个试验中发现镁都没有明显的去掉。如果接触面积不够大,除钠应该是由熔体中质量迁移起支配作用。文中也处理了这种情况的动力学。根据各种实验室的试验确定了顶部表面的质量迁移系数。在除去溶解氧的水模型试验中,测定了叶轮不同转速和气体不同流量下的接触面积。这些结果与带有多孔装置的化学工程系统有比较好的一致性。然而,不知道这些结果能否满意地推广到工业规模的装置上。     

Improvement of porous polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene hollow fiber membranes for sweeping gas membrane distillation of ethylene glycol solution

Porous polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene (PVDF-HFP) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated through a wet spinning process. In order to improve the membrane structure, composition of the polymer solution was adjusted by studying ternary phase diagrams of polymer/solvent/non-solvent. The prepared membranes were used for sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) of 20 wt% ethylene glycol (EG) aqueous solution. The membranes were characterized by different tests such as N₂ permeation, overall porosity, critical water entry pressure (CEP_w), water contact angle and collapsing pressure. From FESEM examination, addition of 3 wt% glycerol in the PVDF-HFP solution, produced membranes with smaller finger-likes cavities, higher surface porosity and smaller pore sizes. Increasing the polymer concentration up to 21 wt% resulted in a dense spongy structure which could significantly reduce the N₂ permeance. The membrane prepared by 3 wt% glycerol and 17 wt% polymer demonstrated an improved structure with mean pore size of 18 nm and a high surface porosity of 872 m^-1. CEP_w of 350 kPa and overall porosity of 84% were also obtained for the improved membrane. Collapsing pressure of the membranes relatively improved by increasing the polymer concentration. From the SGMD test, the developed membrane represented a maximum permeate flux of 28 kg·m^-2·h^-1 which is almost 19% higher than the flux of plain membrane. During 120 h of a long-term SGMD operation, a gradual flux reduction of 30% was noticed. In addition, EG rejection reduced from 100% to around 99.5% during 120 h of the operation.     

拜耳法有机物—草酸盐控制方法

引言大多数拜耳法工厂都面临着一个对有机物控制的问题。铝土矿中的有机碳大体上都是腐殖质。在拜耳法溶出时,50%以上的有机碳被溶解出来,在循环溶液中的浓度逐渐达到平衡值,每个厂各有所别,一般是7、10、15、最高达25克/升。在溶出作业期间,腐殖质分解为各种分子量较低的化合物。这些化合物近来分为下面三组:     

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMATION VOLUME FRACTION TO HQ590 HOT ROLLED STRIP STEEL DURING CONTINUOUS COOLING

On the basis of phase transformation kinetics, the transformation of γ→α,P,B have been investigated through considering the effect of deformation. The calculation methods of volume fraction have also been given. Comparing with common method, the simulated results are in more agreement with experiment results.     

NANO-MULTILAYERS WITH HIGH PERPENDICULAR ANISOTROPY FOR MAGNETIC RECORDING

(FePt/Ag)n nano-multilayers were deposited on MgO (100) single crystal with laser ablation and then subjected to annealing. FePt L1o grains with (001) texture and thus a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of the order of 106 J/m3 were formed. A thick Ag layer is found to be favorable for decreasing the dispersion of the easy axis for magnetization. The measurement of time decay of magnetization gave rise to a small activation volume of the order of 10-25m3, showing the promising of being the recording medium for future high density perpendicular recording.     

EFFECT OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION OF SPUTTER-DEPOSITED SMA THIN FILMS

TiNi thin films were sputter-deposited on circular single-cry stal silicon substrates un-der various sputtering parameters. The crystal structure and residual stress of the as-deposited films were determined by X-ray diffraction and substrate-curvature method. The phenomenon of stress-suppressed martensitic transformation was observed. R is considered that the residual stresses in SMA thin films based on circular substrates act as balanced biaxial tensile stresses. The status of equilibrant delays the align-ment of self-accommodated variants and the volume shrinkage during the martensitic transformation.     

STUDY ON Ni-Cr SYSTEM SOLAR SELECTIVE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY MAGNETRON REACTIVE SPUTTERING PROCESS

1. IntroductionSolar selective thiIl solid fil1us are the key part for solar heat collect'ors. But ll1ostfactories still produced solar absorptive filn1s by traditional tecIl11ology sucl1 as pai1ltillga1ld electrocl1eluical process that nlust result in po…