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31.
B. Palosz C. Pantea E. Grzanka S. Stelmakh Th. Proffen T.W. Zerda W. Palosz 《Diamond and Related Materials》2006,15(11-12):1813
The structure of a nanodiamond powder with an average grain size of 5 nm was investigated using large-Q neutron diffraction. Both Bragg scattering and PDF analysis were employed. The effect of annealing under vacuum at temperatures up to 1200 °C was studied. The studies lead to a tentative model of nanocrystalline diamond, where the core with a perfect diamond lattice is surrounded by a shell of compressed diamond lattice, and this core–shell structure is enveloped in a non-diamond carbon. The non-diamond envelope of nanograins, a “gas-like” carbon, is stable up to 1000 °C and transforms into a graphite phase (an onion-type structure) at about 1200 °C. The amount of non-crystalline carbon in the powder annealed below 1000 °C is about 10%. In the sample annealed at 1200 °C a graphite-type carbon, with a total of about 15% of sp2 bonds is formed. 相似文献
32.
Two nano-composite coatings based on nc-TiC particles in an a-C:H matrix are deposited via closed-field unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering. The compositions of the coatings are varied by changing the acetylene gas flow during the depositions. A Cr/Cr–Ti/Ti–TiC graded interlayer is introduced between substrate and coating. Electron probe micro-analyses (EPMA) show that the Ti content of the coatings varies between 31.7 and 11.5 at.%. The coatings exhibit a hardness (H) of 20.0 and 15.7 GPa, and a Young's modulus (E) of 229.4 and 136.6 GPa, respectively, as measured through nano-indentations. Cube corner indentations are performed to probe the fracture toughness of the coatings through the determination of critical indentation loads (Lr) at which radial cracks start to propagate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and energy-filtered TEM are employed to characterize the coatings nanostructures. The variation in Ti content is accompanied by a variation in TiC particle size and volumetric fraction, as well as a change in the columnar structure of the coatings. A focus ion beam (FIB) slicing technique is employed to prepare samples from nano-indented locations of coated Silicon and stainless steel (SS) substrates. TEM inspection of the FIB sliced samples determines that the most brittle phase in the coating is the C-enriched columnar boundary, and identifies the location of failure within the interlayer. As a consequence of the different nanostructure, the coatings exhibit different elastic recovery properties and toughness. 相似文献
33.
D. Galvan V. Ocelík Y. Pei B. J. Kooi Jeff Th. M. De Hosson E. Ramous 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2004,13(4):406-412
TiB/Ti-6Al-4V metal-matrix composite (MMC) layers were produced on Ti-6Al-4V substrates by laser cladding. A TiB2/Ti powder mixture was used as a precursor to obtain a dispersion of TiB needles in the Ti alloy matrix, with the aid of an
exothermic reaction between TiB2 and Ti. A eutectic microstructure was obtained that consisted of an extremely homogeneous dispersion of TiB eutectic needles
in the Ti alloy matrix, having a volume fraction as high as 0.33. Also, an equilibrium-like microstructure was found, consisting
of a dispersion of both primary and eutectic TiB needles inside the Ti alloy matrix. An analysis of the geometry of the layers
was performed and proved successful in determining the percentage of B. Further, it correctly predicted the variation of atomic
B content as a function of laser power. The relative wear resistance coefficient, defined as the wear coefficient of the uncoated
matrix divided by that of coating, shows an improvement by a factor as high as 1500 for the eutectic microstructure.
This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September
15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appeared on pp. 411–18 of the Proceedings. 相似文献
34.
This work presents a method for efficiently simplifying the pressure projection step in a liquid simulation. We first devise a straightforward dimension reduction technique that dramatically reduces the cost of solving the pressure projection. Next, we introduce a novel change of basis that satisfies free‐surface boundary conditions exactly, regardless of the accuracy of the pressure solve. When combined, these ideas greatly reduce the computational complexity of the pressure solve without compromising free surface boundary conditions at the highest level of detail. Our techniques are easy to parallelize, and they effectively eliminate the computational bottleneck for large liquid simulations. 相似文献
35.
A.?Konstantinidis Th.?TsiatsosEmail author A.?Pomportsis 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2009,44(2):279-304
E-learning systems have gone through a radical change from the initial text-based environments to more stimulating multimedia
systems. Such systems are Collaborative Virtual Environments, which could be used in order to support collaborative e-learning
scenarios. The main aim of this paper is to aid educational designers in selecting, designing and evaluating three dimensional
collaborative virtual environments in order to gain the pedagogical benefits of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning.
Therefore, this paper initially discusses the potential of three dimensional networked virtual environments for supporting
collaborative learning. Furthermore, based on a two-step platform selection process this paper (a) presents and compares three
dimensional multi-user virtual environments for supporting collaborative learning and (b) validates the most promising solution
against a set of design principles for educational virtual environments. According to these principles, an educational environment
has been implemented on top of the selected platform in order to support collaborative e-learning scenarios. The design of
this environment is also presented. In addition, this paper presents the results of three small scale studies carried out
in a tertiary education department, to assess the educational environment. This environment has been evaluated based on a
hybrid evaluation methodology for uncovering usability problems, collecting further requirements for additional functionality
to support collaborative virtual learning environments, and determining the appropriateness of different kinds of learning
scenarios.
相似文献
A. PomportsisEmail: |
36.
We propose a new fluid control technique that uses scale-dependent force control to preserve small-scale fluid detail. Control particles define local force fields and can be generated automatically from either a physical simulation or a sequence of target shapes. We use a multi-scale decomposition of the velocity field and apply control forces only to the coarse-scale components of the flow. Small-scale detail is thus preserved in a natural way avoiding the artificial viscosity often introduced by force-based control methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for both Lagrangian and Eulerian fluid simulation environments. 相似文献
37.
This study examines the effect of training procedures, as measured by the results of a test, on the level of assimilation of a new safety programme in 80 Quebec companies. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) was introduced in the province in 1989. The bipartite safety association representing the manufacturers of transportation equipment and machinery offered two types of WHMIS training services to their members: (a) 4 h employee training courses, and (b) two-day trainer training courses. Companies were free to choose from these and other services to comply with the WHMIS training requirements. A test was issued to a stratified sample of 862 employees approximately one year after the training. On average, the scores were best in plants having employees trained directly by experts from the safety association (type a). The training of internal trainers for companies produced slightly inferior learning results (type b). 相似文献
38.
Denis Thérien 《Computational Complexity》1994,4(4):383-388
Algebraic techniques are used to prove that any circuit constructed with MOD
q
gates that computes the AND function must use (n) gates at the first level. The best bound previously known to be valid for arbitraryq was (logn). 相似文献
39.
Card-based systems are simple, effective means of controlling production. Yet most systems concentrate on controlling the shop floor. They neglect other planning tasks, like estimating short, feasible due dates during customer enquiry management. A card-based version of the workload control concept for job shops – COBACABANA (COntrol of BAlance by CArd-BAsed Navigation) – was proposed in the literature to overcome this shortcoming. COBACABANA uses cards for due date setting and order release, making it a potentially important solution for small shops with limited resources. But many such firms operate as flow shops rather than job shops. Research demonstrated that COBACABANA’s release mechanism must be adapted if applied to a pure flow shop, but its approach to due date setting has not been evaluated in such an environment. We show COBACABANA has the potential to improve pure flow shop performance, but its due date setting procedure should be adapted compared to job shops. In a flow shop, due date estimation can also be further simplified by considering the load awaiting release to the first (gateway) station only while maintaining most performance benefits. The results are important for all card-based systems that aim to stabilise work-in-process, including kanban and ConWIP (Constant Work-in-Process). 相似文献
40.
One of the key functions of Workload Control is order release. Jobs are not released immediately onto the shop floor – they are withheld and selectively released to create a mix of jobs that keeps work-in-process within limits and meet due dates. A recent implementation of Workload Control’s release method highlighted an important issue thus far overlooked by research: How to accommodate re-entrant flows, whereby a station is visited multiple times by the same job? We present the first study to compare the performance of Workload Control both with and without re-entrant flows. Simulation results from a job shop model highlight two important aspects: (i) re-entrant flows increase variability in the work arriving at a station, leading to a direct detrimental effect on performance; (ii) re-entrant flows affect the release decision-making process since the load contribution of all visits by a job to a station has to fit within the norm. Both aspects have implications for practice and our interpretation of previous research since: (i) parameters given for work arriving may significantly differ from those realised; (ii) increased workload contributions at release mean that prior simulations may have been unstable, leading to some jobs never being released. 相似文献