A green cluster‐based routing scheme for large‐scale wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), clustering has been shown to be an efficient technique to improve scalability and network lifetime. In clustered networks, clustering creates unequal load distribution among cluster heads (CHs) and cluster member (CM) nodes. As a result, the entire network is subject to premature death because of the deficient active nodes within the network. In this paper, we present clustering‐based routing algorithms that can balance out the trade‐off between load distribution and network lifetime “green cluster‐based routing scheme.” This paper proposes a new energy‐aware green cluster‐based routing algorithm to preventing premature death of large‐scale dense WSNs. To deal with the uncertainty present in network information, a fuzzy rule‐based node classification model is proposed for clustering. Its primary benefits are flexibility in selecting effective CHs, reliability in distributing CHs overload among the other nodes, and reducing communication overhead and cluster formation time in highly dense areas. In addition, we propose a routing scheme that balances the load among sensors. The proposed scheme is evaluated through simulations to compare our scheme with the existing algorithms available in the literature. The numerical results show the relevance and improved efficiency of our scheme.     

Deep Convolutional Neural Network (Falcon) and transfer learning‐based approach to detect malarial parasite

Deep learning models have already benchmarked its demonstration in the applications of Medical Sciences. Present day medical industries suffer due to deadly disease such as malaria etc. As per the report from World Health Organization (WHO), it is noted that the amount of caution and care taken per patient by a human doctor to cure malaria is decreasing. To address this issue, this paper proposes an automated solution for the detection of malaria from the real-time image. The key idea of the proposed solution is to use a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) called “Falcon” to detect the parasitic cells from blood smeared slide images of Malaria Screener. Furthermore, the class accuracy of the given dataset samples is maintained in order to model not only the normal case but to accurately predict the presence of malaria as well. Experimental results confirms that the model does not possess overfitting, class imbalance, and provides a reasonable classification report and trustworthy accuracy with 95.2?% when compared to the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models.

     

Ab initio study of mono-layer 2-D insulators (X-(OH)2 and h-BN) and their use in MTJ memory device

The paper presents an ab initio study of the 2-D insulators and their effect on the performance of a magnetic tunnel junction memory (MTJ) device. MTJ devices has been considered as an alternate to the charge based data storage cells due to its spin-polarised operation and high scaling probability. The use of 2-D insulators like X-(OH)₂ (X: Ca and Mg) and h-BN (hexagonal-Boron Nitride) in such device would be interesting. The authors have calculated the band structures, density of states and effective mass of electrons and holes for the mono-layer of these three non-conventional 2-D insulators using the first principle calculations in density functional theory framework using Quantumwise ATK tool. The ab initio calculation yielded band gap (E_g) of 4.633, 4.685 and 4.249 eV for h-BN, Ca(OH)₂ and Mg(OH)₂, respectively. The effective mass of electrons was calculated as 0.621, 0.604 and 0.478 for single layer h-BN, Ca(OH)₂ and Mg(OH)₂, respectively. While for holes it is 0.834, 0.446 and 0.407, respectively for h-BN, Ca(OH)₂ and Mg(OH)₂. The MTJ device properties as tunneling-magneto resistance, differential TMR, parallel and anti-parallel resistance, differential resistance and spin transfer torque components (in-plane and out-of-plane) with these materials as composite dielectric has been reported in this paper using MTJ Lab tool. The performance of MTJ memory device with h-BN based composite dielectric is found better.

     

On the influence of alloy composition on the oxidation performance and oxygen-induced phase transformations in Ti–(0–8) wt%Al alloys

Adopting a high-throughput combinatorial approach, a compositionally graded Ti–xAl (0 ≤ x ≤ 8 wt%) specimen was prepared to conduct a rapid systematic investigation of the influence of composition and exposure time on the oxidation performance of the titanium-rich section of the binary Ti–Al system. The compositionally graded specimen was solution heat treated and subjected to oxidation tests at 650 °C for different exposure times. The morphology, structure, and composition of the oxide scale as well as the microstructural changes in the base material were studied across the entire composition range, using a suite of characterization techniques. The observations revealed the presence of Al₂O₃ in the topmost layer of the oxide scale in addition to TiO₂, indicating its early formation during oxidation. An increase in Al concentration improves the scaling rate of Ti; however, this is observed only for extended exposure times (i.e., 50 and 100 h), and a parabolic oxidation law is obeyed in the composition-time domain. The formation of the α₂ phase (Ti₃Al) also takes place for relatively higher Al contents (i.e., 8 wt%).     

Energy and Velocity Based Tree Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Nodes in ad hoc networks are mostly mobile, moving with arbitrary velocity and direction. Therefore, it is always beneficial if nodes are equipped with...     

A novel method for binarization of scene text images and its application in text identification

Pattern Analysis and Applications - The aim of this article is twofold. First, we propose an effective methodology for binarization of scene images. For our present study, we use the publicly...     

Design of fast aplanatic IR objectives using high refractive-index materials

A method for correcting spherical aberration and coma in fast two-element objectives using high-index materials is discussed. It involves use of an aplanatic lens with a single lens having a minimum spherical aberration and no coma. The method deals only with monochromatic designs. It can be effective in designing high-aperture aplanatic IR objectives. Optical data and performance characteristics of germanium and silicon two-lens systems designed by the proposed method are given.     

Measurement of diffusivities of sulfur mustard (SM) and its analog oxygen mustard (OM) in cured butyl,nitrile, and natural-rubber sheets by weight gain and FTIR–ATR methods

The breakthrough time of butyl, nitrile, and natural-rubber sheets (cured) of different compositions against a potent chemical warfare (CW) agent have been determined using the spot disc test (SDT) method. It was observed that butyl rubber is the best material in comparison to nitrile and natural rubber for protection against sulfur mustard (SM). One of the butyl formulations provides more than 100 h protection against SM. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen mustard (SM analog) for the same formulation (F₈) and one nonblack butyl formulation (F₅) was determined by weight gain as well as by FTIR–ATR methods. Both methods provide consistent results and the diffusion coefficient of oxygen mustard (OM for butyl rubber is in the order of 10^?9cm²/s. The diffusion coefficient of SM for the form lation F₈ and F₅ was also determined from the SDT retardation time. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Basic dyeable polyester: a new approach using a VUV excimer lamp

Surface treatment of polyester fabric was carried out using a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excimer lamp. The hydrophilicity of the polyester fabric was significantly improved by surface modification, as indicated by the decrease in wetting time and wicking time. This approach can be used to create added value for polyester fabric, which otherwise suffers from low hydrophilicity. Further changes on irradiation were characterised by atomic force microscopy and the crystallinity and tensile strength of the samples were also tested. Basic dyeability of the microdenier polyester fabric was seen to improve greatly on exposure to the excimer lamp, followed by grafting with acrylic acid. The effects were observed to increase with an increase in irradiation time. The best effect was obtained for irradiation time of 10 min. These enhanced properties were accompanied by an insignificant loss in crystallinity and tensile strength of treated fabrics.