The effect of using a whey protein fat replacer on textural and sensory characteristics of low-fat vanilla ice cream

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the texture of regular (12%), low fat (6%), and fat-free vanilla (0.5%) ice creams by sensory and instrumental analyses. The low fat and fat free ice cream were prepared using a whey protein based fat replacer (Simplesse ^® 100) as the fat replacement ingredient. Two processing trials with continuous commercial-like process conditions were undertaken. Sensory analyses disclosed that ice creams containing 6% of fat replacer in place of or with milk fat had no demonstrable effect on vanillin flavour. While the sensory attributes of the low fat samples were comparable to the regular vanilla ice cream, the trained sensory panel rated the fat free ice cream to have lower viscosity, smoothness and mouth coating properties. Instrumentally determined apparent viscosity data supported the sensory data. Compared with the fat replacer, milk fat significantly increased the fresh milk and cream flavours of the ice cream. Results emphasized the importance of fat as a flavour modifier and the improvement of texture by addition of Simplesse ^® 100.     

Robust and Practical Analog-to-Digital Conversion With Exponential Precision

Beta-encoders with error correction were introduced by Daubechies, DeVore, Guumlntuumlrk and Vaishampayan as an alternative to pulse-code modulation (PCM) for analog-to-digital conversion. An N-bit beta-encoder quantizes a real number by computing one of its N-bit truncated beta-expansions where betaisin(1,2) determines the base of expansion. These encoders have (almost) optimal rate-distortion properties like PCM; furthermore, they exploit the redundancy of beta-expansions and thus they are robust with respect to quantizer imperfections. However, these encoders have the shortcoming that the decoder needs to know the value of the base of expansion beta, a gain factor in the circuit used by the encoder, which is an impractical constraint. We present a method to implement beta-encoders so that they are also robust with respect to uncertainties of the value of beta. The method relies upon embedding the value of beta in the encoded bitstream. We show that this can be done without a priori knowledge of beta by the transmitting party. Moreover the algorithm still works if the value of beta changes (slowly) during the implementation     

Crystallization kinetics of basalt glass

The crystallization behaviour of basalt glass at elevated temperatures was studied using glass samples prepared by melting the natural basalt rock from the Thrace region of Türkiye. DTA and XRD analysis revealed the crystallization of augite [(Ca Fe Mg) SiO₃ at 800 °C. The kinetics of crystallization of augite were studied by applying the DTA measurements carried out at different heating rates and the activation energies of crystallization and viscous flow were measured as 238 kJ mol⁻¹ and 413 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The resultant basalt glass-ceramic revealed very fine and homogeneous microstructure.     

A network model for rigid-body motion

In the formulation of equations of motion of three-dimensional mechanical systems, the techniques utilized and developed to analyze the electrical networks based on linear graph theory can conveniently be used. The success of this approach, however, relies on the availability of a complete and adequate mathematical model of the rigid body valid in the three-dimensional motion. This article is devoted to the derivation of such a mathematical model for the rigid body as a (k + 1)-port component. In this derivation, the dynamic properties of the rigid body are automatically included as a consequence of the analytical procedures used in the article. In this model, a general form of the terminal equations is given. In many applications, however, its special form, also given in this article, is used.     

Internet traffic engineering

The main goal of Internet traffic engineering is to efficiently optimize the performance of operational networks in order to avoid the well-known shortcomings of the typical destination-based IP routing. Traffic engineering attempts to reduce or even avoid congestion hot spots and to improve resource utilization across the backbone IP network. During the last years traffic engineering has become an inevitable tool concerning performance optimization in large Internet backbones. The core objective of this paper is to give an overview of the architectures and mechanisms for traffic engineering.     

Silhouette-based 3-D model reconstruction from multiple images

The goal of this study is to investigate the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3-D) graphical models of real objects in a controlled imaging environment and present the work done in our group based on silhouette-based reconstruction. Although many parts of the whole system have been well-known in the literature and in practice, the main contribution of the paper is that it describes a complete, end-to-end system explained in detail. Based on a multi-image calibration method, an algorithm to extract the rotation axis of a turn-table has been developed. Furthermore, this can be extended to estimate robustly the initial bounding volume of the object to be modeled. The disadvantages of the silhouette-based reconstruction can be removed by an algorithm using photoconsistency. This algorithm has a simpler visibility check, and it eliminates the selection of threshold existing in similar algorithms. Besides, in order to construct the appearance, we use the concept of particles. The reconstruction results are shown both on real world and synthetic objects.     

The evolution of clinical periodontal therapy

Periodontal diseases are considered as old as the history of mankind, Magical, religious and herbal treatments were demonstrated in almost all of the early writings. However, methodical, carefully reasoned therapeutic approaches did not exist until the middle-ages and modern treatment with a scientific base and sophisticated instrumentation did not develop until the 18th century. Prior to the 1950s, diseases were mostly treated by root debridement and the extraction of the affected teeth. Until the 1970s, it was primarily the symptoms of periodontal diseases that were treated. The goal was radical elimination of the periodontal pocket (resective therapy). The means were gingivectomy, flap procedures and osseous surgery. The disadvantages were the massive sacrifice of periodontal tissues, lack of regeneration and clinically elongated teeth. These disadvantages, along with the realization of the importance of aetiologic agents, raised questions about the necessity of total pocket elimination, and the control of subgingival infection by a thorough scaling and root planing (nonsurgical therapy), with and without antibiotics, became a commonly used treatment during the 1980s. Comparative longitudinal studies, surgical versus nonsurgical, demonstrated that both surgical and nonsurgical therapy result in limited regeneration and healing with a long junctional epithelium. The most important aspects of today's modern concept of periodontal therapy are causal, regenerative, and specific for disease type and severity. Although the regeneration of the periodontium can be accomplished with the biological principles of guided tissue regeneration and graft materials, compared to conventional methods, the restoration of a completely normal periodontal status has not yet been achieved. We are about to reach our ultimate goals and presently, the more promising research directions for a substantial regeneration seems to lie in biological mediators. Although the future of periodontal therapy is bright, it is still of critical importance to have a preventive strategy to keep individuals healthy beforehand.     

Estimation of the equation of state exchange energy and entropy parameters of a polymer-solvent pair by intrinsic viscosity measurements

The intrinsic viscosity data of linear poly(4-chlorostyrene) in n-propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene were used to estimate the equation of state exchange energy (X₁₂) and entropy (Q₁₂) parameters. The quantities estimated for X₁₂ were 6.7 and 8.1 J cm^?3 and those of Q₁₂ were ?0.069 and ?0.063 J cm^?3 deg^?1 in n-propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene, respectively. The average values of the chain unperturbed dimension constant (K_o) and the characteristic ratio (C_x) were found to be 0.55 × 10^?3 dl mol^1/2g^?3/2 and 10.54, respectively, from the intrinsic viscosities measured at the corresponding θ-temperatures.