Logical English meets legal English for swaps and derivatives

In this paper, we present an informal introduction to Logical English (LE) and illustrate its use to standardise the legal wording of the Automatic Early Termination (AET) clauses of International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Agreements. LE can be viewed both as an alternative to conventional legal English for expressing legal documents, and as an alternative to conventional computer languages for automating legal documents. LE is a controlled natural language (CNL), which is designed both to be computer-executable and to be readable by English speakers without special training. The basic form of LE is syntactic sugar for logic programs, in which all sentences have the same standard form, either as rules of the form conclusion if conditions or as unconditional sentences of the form conclusion. However, LE extends normal logic programming by introducing features that are present in other computer languages and other logics. These features include typed variables signalled by common nouns, and existentially quantified variables in the conclusions of sentences signalled by indefinite articles. Although LE translates naturally into a logic programming language such as Prolog or ASP, it can also serve as a neutral standard, which can be compiled into other lower-level computer languages.

     

GD&T-Based Characterization of Short-Range Non-contact 3D Imaging Systems

We present a series of test metrics, artifacts, and procedures for characterizing and verifying the operating limits of a short-range non-contact three-dimensional imaging system. These metrics have been designed to correspond to dimensioning and tolerancing metrics that are widely used in industry (e.g. automotive, aerospace, etc.). We introduce operating limit metrics that correspond with the geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) metrics of Form (Flatness and Circularity), Orientation (Angularity), Location (Sphere, Corner, and Hole Position Errors), and Size (Diameter, Sphere-spacing, Plane-spacing and Angle Errors). An example is presented to illustrate how these metrics, artifacts, and associated test procedures can be used in practice.     

Evolutionary functional black-box testing in an industrial setting

During the past years, evolutionary testing research has reported encouraging results for automated functional (i.e. black-box) testing. However, despite promising results, these techniques have hardly been applied to complex, real-world systems and as such, little is known about their scalability, applicability, and acceptability in industry. In this paper, we describe the empirical setup used to study the use of evolutionary functional testing in industry through two case studies, drawn from serial production development environments at Daimler and Berner & Mattner Systemtechnik, respectively. Results of the case studies are presented, and research questions are assessed based on them. In summary, the results indicate that evolutionary functional testing in an industrial setting is both scalable and applicable. However, the creation of fitness functions is time-consuming. Although in some cases, this is compensated by the results, it is still a significant factor preventing functional evolutionary testing from more widespread use in industry.     

Growing a list

It is easy to find expert knowledge on the Internet on almost any topic, but obtaining a complete overview of a given topic is not always easy: information can be scattered across many sources and must be aggregated to be useful. We introduce a method for intelligently growing a list of relevant items, starting from a small seed of examples. Our algorithm takes advantage of the wisdom of the crowd, in the sense that there are many experts who post lists of things on the Internet. We use a collection of simple machine learning components to find these experts and aggregate their lists to produce a single complete and meaningful list. We use experiments with gold standards and open-ended experiments without gold standards to show that our method significantly outperforms the state of the art. Our method uses the ranking algorithm Bayesian Sets even when its underlying independence assumption is violated, and we provide a theoretical generalization bound to motivate its use.     

Plowing with precedence: A variant of the windy postman problem

In winter, a common problem is to determine the route that a snowplow should take in order to minimize the distance traveled. We propose a variant of this arc routing problem that is motivated by the fact that deadhead travel over streets that have already been plowed is significantly faster than the time it takes to plow the street. This problem differs from most arc routing problems because the cost of traversing a street changes depending on the order of the streets on a route. We develop a method that generates near-optimal solutions to instances as large as 200 nodes.     

Retrieval experience as a modifier of future encoding: Another test effect.

Research on how individuals monitor their level of comprehension during study paints a picture of learners as being insensitive to many of the factors or conditions of learning that can enhance long-term retention and transfer. In previous research, however, deWinstanley and Bjork (2004) demonstrated that learners—if made sensitive to the memorial benefits of generation in the context of an informative test following study of a text passage in which they had encoded both to-be-read and to-be-generated critical items—then became more effective processors of future to-be-read information presented in a 2nd text passage. In Experiments 1 and 2 of the present research, we explored the potential applicability of this effect by testing whether it could survive certain types of activity-filled delays. In Experiments 3 and 4, we tested whether enhanced processing of contextual information, an encoding strategy that could possibly have been discovered by participants during the testing episode for the 1st text passage, was a potential underlying cause of this effect. Together, our results bring to light an additional benefit of test taking and point to what might be considered necessary and sufficient conditions for leading learners to become more effective processors of future to-be-learned information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Game based capacity allocation for utility computing environments

Utility computing has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of IT operations by sharing resources across multiple users. This sharing, however, introduces complex problems with regards to pricing and allocating these resources in a way that is fair, easy to implement, and economically efficient. In this paper, we study a queue-based model that attempts to address these issues. Each client/user has a continuous flow of jobs that need to be processed. The service rate each receives, however, is proportional to a bid it submits to the system operator. Assuming that user costs are some function of their average backlogs plus their bid amounts, we use this allocation mechanism to construct an economic game. Much previous research has shown that these types of allocation games have desirable properties if the cost functions are well-defined and convex over the space of possible outcomes. Because of its queueing interface, however, our model induces functions that do not satisfy the latter, commonly assumed properties. In spite of these complications, we show that the game still has a unique equilibrium and that the system will converge to this point if users iteratively make ??best response?? updates to their bids. Finally, we explore the ??price of anarchy?? in our model, proving a bound on efficiency losses as a function of several fundamental system parameters. Thus, our scheme results in equilibria with a number of highly desirably properties.     

Interactions between early parenting and a polymorphism of the child's dopamine transporter gene in predicting future child conduct disorder symptoms.

Mounting evidence suggests that genetic risks for mental disorders often interact with the social environment, but most studies still ignore environmental moderation of genetic influences. The authors tested interactions between maternal parenting and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene in the child to increase understanding of gene–environment interactions involving early parenting. Participants were part of a 9-year longitudinal study of 4- to 6-year-old children who met criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically matched controls. Maternal parenting was observed during standard mother–child interactions in Wave 1. The child's conduct disorder (CD) symptoms 5–8 years later were measured using separate structured diagnostic interviews of the mother and youth. Controlling for ADHD symptoms and child disruptive behavior during the mother–child interaction, there was a significant inverse relation between levels of both positive and negative parenting at 4–6 years and the number of later CD symptoms, but primarily among children with 2 copies of the 9-repeat allele of the VNTR. The significant interaction with negative parenting was replicated in parent and youth reports of CD symptoms separately. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Morphosynthesis and morphology characterization of aniline and aniline/Laponite films

We report on morphosynthesis techniques that have been employed to tune polyamine film nanoarchitectures and on their resulting morphologies. Specific layers discussed include films of aniline/Laponite clay and aniline solution processed with V₂O₅ catalyst. Synthesis approaches examined include films generated in-situ (glass templating), solution based drop casting, and mechanochemical grinding. Surface topography results suggest that these approaches provide dimensionality control of the polyaniline morphology. Surface images of the mechanochemically ground polyaniline/Laponite nanocomposite layer reveal interfacial contact which is promising for potential heterojunction solar cell designs.