Statistical analysis of shape through triangulation of landmarks: A study of sexual dimorphism in hominids

Two objects with homologous landmarks are said to be of the same shape if the configuration of landmarks of one object can be exactly matched with that of the other by translation, rotation/reflection, and scaling. In an earlier paper, the authors proposed statistical analysis of shape by considering logarithmic differences of all possible Euclidean distances between landmarks. Tests of significance for differences in the shape of objects and methods of discrimination between populations were developed with such data. In the present paper, the corresponding statistical methodology is developed by triangulation of the landmarks and by considering the angles as natural measurements of shape. This method is applied to the study of sexual dimorphism in hominids.     

Twin jets in cross-flow

An experimental study and numerical investigation of thermal mixing are carried out on tandem twin jets in cross flow. Experiments were carried out for velocity ratios 1, 2 and 4 for 15 °C temperature difference between main pipe and jet fluid. Velocity and temperature fields are measured using Hot Film Anemometer (HFA). Three dimensional steady state Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been carried out to predict the velocity and temperature fields. The predicted velocity and temperature fields are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Temperature fluctuations have been predicted using temperature variance model. The effect of jet spacing for different velocity ratios is studied. For jet spacing equal to twice the jet diameter, both the jets influence each other. Increase in the jet spacing decreases the effect of jets on each other.     

Effect of Cr-doping on the physicochemical properties of blue TiO2 and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells via low-temperature fabrication process

Cr-doped blue TiO₂ (Cr-BTiO₂) nanoparticles were fabricated at room temperature using lithium-ethylenediamine (Li-EDA) as reducing agent. The addition of Li-EDA promotes the selective reduction of the rutile phase of TiO₂ into the amorphous phase keeping anatase phase unaltered. Hence, the phase-selective reduction of TiO₂ leads to the formation of blue TiO₂ nanoparticles. Synthesized samples were characterized by equipment fitted with modern technology. The shifting of (101) peak to a lower angle (2θ) in Cr-BTiO₂ in X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern suggests the successful doping of chromium into TiO₂ lattices. In Raman spectra, the shifting of the active Eg peak of Cr-BTiO₂ nanoparticles to higher wavenumber also suggests the successful substitution of Ti by Cr. The blue TiO₂ and Cr-BTiO₂ show increased absorption of light in the visible region compared to TiO₂ (P25). The modified TiO₂ samples have improved electron-hole separation tendency as predicted by the photoluminescence spectra (PL). Also, doping of Cr- into TiO₂ lattice results the formation of oxygen vacancy as detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Among all samples, Cr-BTiO₂ demonstrated improvement in J_sc and overall incident photon to current conversion efficiency. Therefore, the synthetic effect is thus responsible for the enhancement in efficiency of Cr-BTiO₂ towards the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by 2.5 and 1.5 times higher than the P25 and blue TiO₂, respectively.     

Flywheel replacement of IM with convenient power electronic circuitry: SSA-ANFIS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

This paper proposes a novel approach for flywheel replacement of Induction Motor (IM) with convenient power electronic circuitry. Methology: The proposed technique is the joined execution of the Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SSA) plus Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) based duty ratio controller. Findings: In the proposed technique, the ANFIS procedure is enhanced by using the SSA algorithm with regards to the minimum error objective function. Here, the inverter switching states are updated by the proposed approach by constraining the error between the setpoint torque and the demand torque to the extended target work. With this proposed technique, unbalance between the demand torque and the generated torque is found with high precision and snappier execution. It is used to haul pull out the torsional pulsation in touchy load-connected transmission systems. Result: The execution of the proposed technique is actualized in the MATLAB/Simulink platform and compared with the existing methods.     

Improved functional response of spark plasma sintered hydroxyapatite based functionally graded materials: An impedance spectroscopy perspective

Owing to the inherent polarization regulated functionality of living bone, the present study aims to enhance the polarizability of hydroxyapatite (HA) without affecting its’ surface chemistry i.e., excellent biocompatibility. This concept has been materialized by the development of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using perovskites BaTiO₃ and CaTiO₃ as intermediary layers. These perovskites were sandwiched between HA layers via buffer interlayers to provide the structural integrity to the FGMs. FGMs were optimally processed using spark plasma sintering route at 1100°C for 10?min. Microstructural analyses of fractured surfaces revealed no sign of delamination between HA/BaTiO₃ or HA/CaTiO₃ layers, despite of differences in their coefficients of thermal expansions. Further, detailed impedance spectroscopic analysis was performed over a wide range of temperature (35–500°C) and frequency (1?Hz - 1?MHz). Almost two times increase in polarizability has been observed in both types of FGMs as compared to HA. Overall, the developed FGMs can be suggested as potential materials for polarized bone applications.     

Deep CNN model for crops’ diseases detection using leaf images

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - The agricultural yield of any country provides the base for the development of that nation. Sustainable growth needs to maintain crop production up...