BBO晶体类相位匹配光参量放大理论分析

理论研究了 BBO晶体在 类相位匹配下非共线情况时的参量放大特性。计算了在不同非共线夹角下的相位匹配角度。在增益谱分布的模拟计算中发现 类匹配具有非常窄的增益带宽 ,并在其参量带宽的模拟计算中得到了证实。数值模拟了转换效率随晶体长度的变化曲线。分析了抽运光脉冲和信号光脉冲的时间不同步以及初始输入的信号光脉冲形状对转换效率的影响。选择最佳晶体长度和同步时间 ,最大转换效率可达到 2 5 %。研究结果表明 BBO的 类相位匹配具有非常窄的参量带宽和增益带宽 ,这对于窄带的激光参量放大的研究有重要意义 ,并拓宽了 BBO晶体在光参量放大技术中的用途。     

New cubane MOCVD precursors for gallium sulphide and gallium selenide: Synthesis of [(Et2MeC)GaS]4 and [(Me2EtC)GaS]4: Structural determinations of [(Et2MeC)GaS]4 by X-ray diffraction and [(tBu)GaSe]4 by electron diffraction

The gallium sulphide cubane compounds [(Me₂EtC)GaS]₄ and [(Et₂MeC)GaS]₄, have been synthesised, and their potential as MOCVD precursors for GaS is discussed. The molecular structure of [(Et₂MeC)GaS]₄ has been determined by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the vapour phase structure of the GaSe precursor, [(^tBu)GaSe]₄ has been determined by gas phase electron diffraction and is compared with that previously determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction.     

Byzantine robust trust establishment for mobile ad hoc networks

In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the nodes act both as traffic sources and as relays that forward packets from other nodes along multi-hop routes to the destination. Such networks are suited to situations in which a wireless infrastructure is unavailable, infeasible, or prohibitively expensive. However, the lack of a secure, trusted infrastructure in such networks make secure and reliable packet delivery very challenging. A given node acting as a relay may exhibit Byzantine behavior with respect to packet forwarding, i.e., arbitrary, deviant behavior, which disrupts packet transmission in the network. For example, a Byzantine node may arbitrarily choose to drop or misroute a certain percentage of the packets that are passed to it for forwarding to the next hop. In earlier work, we proposed a trust establishment framework, called Hermes, which enables a given node to determine the “trustworthiness” of other nodes with respect to reliable packet delivery by combining first-hand trust information obtained independently of other nodes and second-hand trust information obtained via recommendations from other nodes. A deficiency of the Hermes scheme is that a node can fail to detect certain types of Byzantine behavior, such as packet misforwarding directed at a particular source node. In this paper, we propose new mechanisms to make Hermes robust to Byzantine behavior and introduce a punishment policy that discourages selfish node behavior. We present simulation results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in a variety of scenarios involving Byzantine nodes that are malicious both with respect to packet forwarding and trust propagation.     

Wide‐Area Strain Sensors based upon Graphene‐Polymer Composite Coatings Probed by Raman Spectroscopy

Functional graphene optical sensors are now viable due to the recent developments in hand‐held Raman spectroscopy and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene films. Herein, the strain in graphene/poly (methyl methacrylate) sensor coatings is followed using Raman band shifts. The performance of an “ideal” mechanically‐exfoliated single crystal graphene flake is compared to a scalable CVD graphene film. The dry‐transferred mechanically exfoliated sample has no residual stresses, whereas the CVD sample is in compression following the solvent evaporation during its transfer. The behavior of the sensors under cyclic deformation shows an initial breakdown of the graphene‐polymer interface with the interface then stabilizing after several cycles. The Raman 2D band shift rates per unit strain of the exfoliated graphene are ≈35% higher than CVD graphene making the former more strain sensitive. However, for practical wide‐area applications, CVD graphene coatings are still viable candidates as a Raman system can be used to read the strain in any 5 μm diameter spot in the coating to an absolute accuracy of ≈0.01% strain and resolution of ≈27 microstrains (μs), which compares favorably to commercial photoelastic systems.     

Trust for Ubiquitous,Transparent Collaboration

In this paper, trust-based recommendations control the exchange of personal information between handheld computers. Combined with explicit risk analysis, this enables unobtrusive information exchange, while limiting access to confidential information. The same model can be applied to a wide range of mobile computing tasks, such as managing personal address books and electronic diaries, to automatically provide an appropriate level of security. Recommendations add structure to the information, by associating categories with data and with each other, with degrees of trust belief and disbelief. Since categories also in turn confer privileges and restrict actions, they are analogous to rôles in a Rôle-Based Access Control system, while principals represent their trust policies in recommendations. Participants first compute their trust in information, by combining their own trust assumptions with others' policies. Recommendations are thus linked together to compute a considered, local trust assessment. Actions are then moderated by a risk assessment, which weighs up costs and benefits, including the cost of the user's time, before deciding whether to allow or forbid the information exchange, or ask for help. By unifying trust assessments and access control, participants can take calculated risks to automatically yet safely share their personal information.     

Fuzzy logic control of FES rowing exercise in paraplegia

An indoor personal rowing machine (Concept 2 Inc., Morrisville, VT) has been modified for functional electrical stimulation assisted rowing exercise in paraplegia. To successfully perform the rowing maneuver, the voluntarily controlled upper body movements must be coordinated with the movements of the electrically stimulated paralyzed legs. To achieve such coordination, an automatic controller was developed that employs two levels of hierarchy. A high level finite state controller identifies the state or phase of the rowing motion and activates a low-level state-dedicated fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to deliver the electrical stimulation to the paralyzed leg muscles. A pilot study with participation of two paraplegic volunteers showed that FLC spent less muscle energy, and produced smoother rowing maneuvers than the existing On-Off constant-level stimulation controller.     

嵌入式设备网络安全的实际解决方案

嵌入式设备在很多应用场合正在和因特网相连接，比如蜂窝电话、机顶盒、无线接入点、医疗设备和公共信息电话亭。当这些能够上网的设备与因特网连接，但是没有足够的安全考虑时，他们将很容易受到攻击，这些攻击包括无意的访问和恶意攻击。如果没有一些相应安全措施，这些攻击可能会使设备的功能、操作以及包含的信息遭受破坏。     

Plasma immersion ion implantation for SOI synthesis: SIMOX and ion-cut

We have demonstrated feasibility to form silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates using plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) for both separation by implantation of oxygen and ion-cut. This high throughput technique can substantially lower the high cost of SOI substrates due to the simpler implanter design as well as ease of maintenance. For separation by plasma implantation of oxygen wafers, secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis and cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs show continuous buried oxide formation under a single-crystal silicon overlayer with sharp Si/SiO₂ interfaces after oxygen plasma implantation and high-temperature (1300°C) annealing. Ion-cut SOI wafer fabrication technique is implemented for the first time using PIII. The hydrogen plasma can be optimized so that only one ion species is dominant in concentration and there are minimal effects by other residual ions on the ion-cut process. The physical mechanism of hydrogen induced silicon surface layer cleavage has been investigated. An ideal gas law model of the microcavity internal pressure combined with a two-dimensional finite element fracture mechanics model is used to approximate the fracture driving force which is sufficient to overcome the silicon fracture resistance.     

Grain nucleation and texture analysis of electroless copper deposition on a palladium seed layer

Electroless copper grains were deposited on a Pd seed layer under varying bath conditions. The seed layer was determined to have a (111) texture using grazing incident x-ray (GIX) diffraction. Multiple nucleation sites in the grain boundaries were imaged using a scanning tunneling microscope. Continual copper growth produced row-like structures. The texture of the electrolessly deposited copper (ED-Cu) grains were determined to be (111). No radial grain orientation for the Pd seed layer or the ED-Cu thin film was detected using GIX diffraction. Atomic force microscope images indicated continual Cu nucleation throughout the deposition process. PdH was formed as a by-product of the electroless deposition process, and detected by x-ray diffraction.     

High quality gate dielectrics formed by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition of silane and nitrous oxide

In the present study, we have performed electrical characterization of oxides deposited via rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition using SiH₄ and N₂O. We have investigated the effect of temperature, pressure, and SiH₄ to N₂O ratio on the electrical and material properties of as-deposited films. We have found that as-deposited oxides deposited at low temperatures, low pressures, and with a low silane to nitrous oxide ratio of ～0.5% give good material and electrical properties. The as-deposited films are stoichiometric in nature and have high deposition rates. As-deposited films had very low D_it values, high breakdown fields, and excellent subthreshold swing. The leakage currents and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor current drive, although lower than thermal oxides, were found to be quite acceptable. We have also investigated the thickness dependence of the films and found that as the film thickness is reduced below 50Å, the reliability improves for all oxides including the silicon-rich deposited oxides.