Variation in maltose in sweet wort from barley malt and rice adjuncts with differences in amylose structure

Starch from malt and solid adjuncts provides the majority of fermentable sugars for fermentation. However, there is no current data on the variation in starch structure (particularly long chained amylose) and its impact on the final wort composition of fermentable sugars, specifically maltose. This is the first study to report variation in amylose structure from barley malt and rice used as an adjunct and how this impacts the production of maltose. We compared four commercial malts with two rice adjuncts mashes, in solid and liquid additions, with an all‐malt mash used as a control. All combinations of malt and rice adjuncts were tested under two grist‐to‐liquor (G:L) ratios (1:3 and 1:4) in a 65°C ramped mash. After mashing, the wort original gravity and maltose concentration were measured. The commercial malts had different malt quality but very similar gelatinisation temperatures (~65°C). The malts varied in starch and amylose contents but had only minor variations in average amylose chain lengths. The two rice adjuncts also had similar average amylose chains lengths, but quite different amylose contents, and hence different gelatinisation temperatures. The results showed that liquid adjunct mashes had higher original gravity and maltose concentration for both G:L ratios. However, there was no consistent result in original gravity or maltose between G:L ratio or adjunct type, suggesting interactions between each malt and rice adjunct. Knowing amylose chain length could improve understanding of the potential maltose levels of the sweet wort prior to fermentation. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Effects of Primary Substrate Concentration on NDMA Transport during Simulated Aquifer Recharge

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is known to be highly carcinogenic and is present in drinking water, wastewater, and a variety of foods. Because of its presence in chloraminated water at nanogram per liter concentrations, NDMA has become an emerging issue for reclaimed water which may be used for aquifer recharge or irrigation. This research investigated the fate of NDMA in two soil column systems used to simulate subsurface transport. One column system was operated under aerobic conditions with increasing primary substrate concentration where the biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) in reclaimed water was used as the primary substrate. The reclaimed water content in the influent was increased from 0 to 25% in the column to increase the BDOC concentration. Negligible NDMA removal was observed at 0% reclaimed water and increasing the primary substrate in the influent resulted in NDMA removal suggesting that biodegradation of NDMA might be a cometabolic process. The effects of redox conditions on NDMA fate was studied by operating a second column system with 100% reclaimed water under anoxic conditions and then changing the conditions to aerobic. It was observed that NDMA removal was similar under both aerobic and anoxic condition, however, much lower effluent concentrations were observed under aerobic conditions. Under anoxic condition, a normalized mass removal rate of 254 ng NDMA/mg DOC was observed which increased to 273-ng NDMA/mg DOC under aerobic conditions. The majority of NDMA and substrate removal occurred in the first of three columns in series column under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. Normalized mass removal rates of NDMA after the first, second, and third columns were 372, 30, and 20 ng NDMA/mg DOC, respectively. Since the majority of dissolved organic carbon was also removed in the first column, NDMA biodegradation was consistent with cometabolic activity. Batch tests verified the biodegradation removal potential of NDMA. Addition of a methylotrophic substrate, methanol and an aromatic substrate, toluene, did not increase NDMA removal.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: midterm clinical and angiographic follow-up

The synthesis of a series of azabicyclic indole esters is described and their potency reported as 5-HT4 receptor antagonists. Optimization of the most potent compound (19) by preparing the corresponding oxazino[3,2-a]indole ester afforded 34, which had a pIC50 of 9.5 in the guinea pig distal colon longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation.     

Environmental reservoirs for Serratia marcescens intramammary infections in dairy cows

Via special media, Serratia marcescens isolates were found in 3 bedding pack samples and in 2 milking parlor floor samples, and in milk samples from 19 cows during an episode of mastitis in a dairy cow herd. Chromosomal digest patterns of isolated S marcescens were indistinguishable for 18 of the milk samples and all bedding pack samples. Our findings provide strong evidence that the bedding pack was the reservoir of S marcescens associated with the outbreak of intramammary infections. Additionally, our ability to match digest patterns of isolates in the bedding pack and milk confirms the theory that S marcescens is an environmental pathogen capable of causing mastitis.     

Fast Hartley transforms for spectral analysis of ultrasound Dopplersignals

Spectral analysis of Doppler ultrasound is known to yield valuable information to assess the state of circulation in the peripheral blood vessels. In the past, the raw Doppler data have been directly input into a dedicated spectrum analyzer or transformed on a microcomputer using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. In the present study, the first Hartley technique is used to transform on a microcomputer to the digitized Doppler data obtained from a normal common carotid artery is presented and the resulting spectra are compared to those obtained by using the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm. The Hartley transform has the advantages of being a purely real-numbered transform; therefore, for real Doppler data, it is not only more conceptually straightforward, but also requires less computer memory, is simpler to calculate, and is better suited to large-scale integration implementation. The raw Doppler data were input into a digital oscilloscope from the analog Doppler unit, digitized in real time with 12-b resolution, and displayed on the computer monitor. These data were then stored in a file, on floppy or hard disk, using software provided with the digitizing oscilloscope, and then transformed to the spectral domain using either transform technique. In this application, the transforms were performed using a compiled BASIC language     

Acoustic startle electromyographic (EMG) activity indexed from an electroculographic (EOG) electrode placement: a methodological note

Acoustic startle EMG responses were indexed from a traditional EOG electrode placement in 11 young adults while they viewed slides which varied in affective valence. We found, replicating earlier work that subjects' startle responses became more augmented as the content of the slides became more negative. The advantages of using an EOG electrode placement for measuring acoustic startle responses are discussed.     

Compatibility of ondansetron hydrochloride with meperidine hydrochloride for combined administration

OBJECTIVE: To determine the physical compatibility and chemical stability of ondansetron hydrochloride 0.1 and 1 mg/mL with meperidine hydrochloride 4 mg/mL admixed in NaCl 0.9% injection USP. DESIGN: Triplicate test solutions of the drugs in NaCl 0.9% injection USP were prepared and stored at 4, 22, and 32 degrees C. Samples were removed initially and at various time points over 31 days and were stored at -70 degrees C until they were analyzed. Physical compatibility was assessed by measuring solution turbidity with a color-correcting turbidimeter and particle content with a light-obscuration particle sizer/counter, as well as by visual assessment. Chemical stability of the drugs was determined using a stability-indicating HPLC analytic method. Duplicate determinations were performed on each sample to measure the concentration of each drug. RESULTS: All admixtures were found to exhibit no visual or subvisual changes of consequence in turbidity or particle content at all observation points. Further, little or no loss of any of the drugs occurred in any concentration throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: The physical compatibility and chemical stability of ondansetron hydrochloride with meperidine hydrochloride under the conditions of this study have been established for 7 days at 32 degrees C and 31 days at 4 and 22 degrees C.     

The patient's view of the pes anserinus transfer operation for rotatory instability of the knee

A review of 82 patients was performed to ascertain their subjective evaluations of the pes anserinus transfer procedure for rotatory instability of the knee. Analysis demonstrated a slow improvement in symptoms which occurred over a 12-month period. At that time, 62% of the patients had regained 90% of their preinjury confidence in knee stability.