Antioxidant effects of soy sauce on color stability and lipid oxidation of raw beef patties during cold storage

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant effects of soy sauce on lipid oxidation and color stability of raw beef patties. Raw beef patties were formulated with four solutions such as NaCl (sodium chloride solution), NaCl/SS (1:1 ratio of sodium chloride and soy sauce solution), SS (soy sauce solution), or SS/A (soy sauce solution combined with 0.05% ascorbic acid) in the same salt concentration. Addition of soy sauce resulted in the decreased pH, lightness, and increased yellowness. Treatment SS/A had the lowest percent of metmyoglobin during storage (P < 0.05). A reduction (P < 0.05) in the 2-thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and conjugated diene concentration as result of soy sauce addition were observed in treatments SS and SS/A at the end of the storage period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in free fatty acid concentration at the end of storage. The combined addition of soy sauce and ascorbic acid greatly improved (P < 0.05) color stability and retarded lipid oxidation.     

Development of an oral immunoadjuvant from cheonggukjang that is efficacious for both mucosal and systemic immunity

Immunological properties of a 50% ethanol/aqueous extract of cheonggukjang (CGJ), a fermented soybean product, were investigated as a potent, orallyavailable, and cost-effective immunoadjuvant. Different from cholera toxin, a widely used experimental oral adjuvant with effects limited to mucosal immunity in the gut, oraladministration of the CGJ extract had positive effects on both mucosal and systemic immunity. Administration of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) with the CGJ extract resulted in hyper-production of KLH-specific IgA in the gut and KLH-specific IgG in the serum. Oral-administration of the CGJ extract resulted in promotion of both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, thus eliminating concerns over an imbalanced Th1 and Th2 immune bias that is often observed upon administration of other commonly used immunoadjuvants. Ethanol/aqueous extraction of CGJ resulted in enrichment of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids, providing a potential extra health benefit.     

Protective effect of polyamine extract of salt stressed and sprouted soybean seeds against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

The anti-ulcer activity of polyamine extract (PAE) of salt stressed and sprouted soybean seeds against ethanol-induced gastric damage was investigated in a rat model. The contents of the polyamines putrescine (20.11%), spermidine (9.46%), and spermine (2.79%) in PAE were determined using HPLC. The anti-ulcer activity of the extract was compared with the effects of the reference drug omeprazole. Pre- and post-administration of PAE at doses of 10+10, 20, and 20+20mg/kg of body weight in conjunction with ethanol administration significantly protected ethanolinduced gastric damage. The levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in stomach tissues were significantly changed, when compared with an ethanol control group. Polyamine extract exhibited high protective effect against ulcer lesions and could be used to develop new anti-ulcer drugs.     

Numerical simulation on non-catalytic thermal process of methane reformation for hydrogen productions

The reformer that produces hydrogen from hydrocarbon is very important part of fuel cell system. One of the promising solutions has been recently considered as direct partial oxidation of hydrocarbon by excess enthalpy flame under rich and ultra-rich condition without a platinum catalyst. In this paper, excess enthalpy flame reforming process in the perforated silicon carbide tube reformer using a two dimensional approached with GRI mechanism 1.2 was investigated. The result shows that the stable excess enthalpy flame with temperature spike was observed in a perforated silicon carbide tube reformer under condition of higher equivalence ratio than rich flammability limit of methane. It is found that hydrogen rich gases could be produced through partial oxidation at very rich equivalence ratio by formation of excess enthalpy flame. The peak flame temperature of excess enthalpy flame was higher than the adiabatic flame temperature for a free laminar flame at identical conditions and excess enthalpy flame at ultra-rich equivalence ratio could become effective way to produce hydrogen rich gases from hydrocarbon. The conversion efficiency of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by partial oxidation of excess enthalpy flame was calculated as 37.64% and 60.62%, respectively at equivalence ratio of 2.0 and inlet velocity of 80 cm/s.     

Influence of marine oligosaccharides on the response of various biological systems to UV irradiation

Low molecular weight alginate-derived oligosaccharide (ADO) (373–571 Da) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS) (855–1671 Da) were purified from alginate and chitosan, and known as marine oligosaccharides with polyanionic and polycationic properties, respectively. We compared the effects of ADO and COS on cell regulation using several biological models (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis spore), cellular uptake determination, erythrocytes haemolysis inhibition and antioxidant capacity assay to investigate stress response under UV radiation. Our results further confirmed the anti-UVR potential of ADO and COS and their potential for commercial UVR protector application in the area of functional foods as food ingredients.     

Fabrication of an electrolyte-supported protonic ceramic fuel cell with nano-sized powders of Ni-composite anode

Composite anodes of nano-sized Ni and Ba(Zr_0.85Y_0.15)O_3-δ (BZY) were fabricated by infiltrating a single precursor solution of BZY and Ni into the BZY scaffold, and decreasing the calcination temperature to 1173 K. This decrease in the fabrication temperature of the Ni-cermet anode prevents the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and nickel, thus preventing a reduction in the conductivity of the electrolyte. By optimizing the amount of Ni in the Ni-cermet and infiltrating additional catalysts such as CeO₂ and Pd, the non-ohmic ASR of the Ni-cermet anode could be optimized. This resulted in a smaller non-ohmic ASR of anode than one that was fabricated by the conventional co-sintering method. Consequently, a high power density of 790 mW/cm² at 973 K can be obtained from electrolyte-supported cells.     

Enhanced Charge Injection Properties of Organic Field‐Effect Transistor by Molecular Implantation Doping

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) have been widely studied due to their merits such as mechanical flexibility, solution processability, and large‐area fabrication. However, OSC devices still have to overcome contact resistance issues for better performances. Because of the Schottky contact at the metal–OSC interfaces, a non‐ideal transfer curve feature often appears in the low‐drain voltage region. To improve the contact properties of OSCs, there have been several methods reported, including interface treatment by self‐assembled monolayers and introducing charge injection layers. Here, a selective contact doping of 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F₄‐TCNQ) by solid‐state diffusion in poly(2,5‐bis(3‐hexadecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (PBTTT) to enhance carrier injection in bottom‐gate PBTTT organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is demonstrated. Furthermore, the effect of post‐doping treatment on diffusion of F₄‐TCNQ molecules in order to improve the device stability is investigated. In addition, the application of the doping technique to the low‐voltage operation of PBTTT OFETs with high‐k gate dielectrics demonstrated a potential for designing scalable and low‐power organic devices by utilizing doping of conjugated polymers.     

Carburization of iron using CO−H<Subscript>2</Subscript> gas mixture

Iron carbides formed on the surface of iron and iron oxide samples at 640 °C in a gas mixture of CO?H₂ were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), and by measuring mass change. The Fe₃C amount of the samples has been quantitatively evaluated by the weight change during carburization. While Fe₂O₃ powder was mostly completed to Fe₃C in the early stage, within 5 min after reduction reactions, the conversion of Fe powder sample to Fe₃C (iron carbide) was almost finished after 10 min. The carburization rate of a Fe sheet was very slow and intermediate products (Fe₂C, Fe₅C₂) were observed. This phenomenon is largely due to the difficulty of carbon diffusion into its dense surface. It was found that the carburization rate was affected by change of surface conditions and surface area by reduction, degradation, and cracks at high temperature. This study should help provide a fundamental understanding of carburization in the field of iron-making and suggest a direction for its further development.     

1H-MRS of femoral red and yellow bone marrow fat composition and water content in healthy young men and women at 3 T

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - There is a discrepancy between studies suggesting that higher bone marrow fat saturation is associated with impaired health, and...