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151.
Free radicals are formed upon irradiation of polymers. The annealing of γ-ray irradiated syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) with doses 10, 23 and 36 kGy was studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra are possibly attributed to three types of radicals, (a) the benzyl radical Ra, (b) resonance structure of the phenyl radical Rb, and (c) carbon-superoxide-centered radical Rc with three-, four-, and single-line features, respectively. Radical Ra can be easily formed by the removal of the proton from the tertiary carbon; radical Rb is created from delocalization of the spin of the radical Ra onto the benzene ring; and radical Rc may be generated from the interaction of a carbon-centered radical with dioxygen from the air which forms a carbon-superoxide center. By comparing EPR spectra of the radicals with a DPPH standard, the spin numbers of the radicals can be calculated. The spin number of all radicals decreases exponentially with time in the temperature range of 60-90 °C regardless of dose of the irradiation. The annealing of Ra, Rb, and Rc follows first-order kinetics. The activation energies of the annihilation are determined to be 15.8-19.0, 16.0-19.5, and 23.2-26.6 kJ/mol for radicals Ra, Rb, and Rc, respectively. The kinetic study presented herein can serve as a criterion for γ-ray irradiation process in various applications, such as sterilization of polymer materials and devices. 相似文献
152.
Presents the authors reply to comments by Tong, Li and Wei (ibid. p.703-5). For original paper see ibid., vol. 10, p. 39-49, Feb.2002. 相似文献
153.
154.
简要评述了用甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)萃取分离锆铪方法的基本原理、分离工艺和条件、萃取设备.指出,MIBK在硫氰酸体系中萃取分离锆铪分离效果好,技术成熟,可进行规模生产.MIBK法的主要缺点是必须用有毒的SCN-作稀释剂,工艺复杂而冗长,操作不易控制,劳动强度大,收率低.MIBK在水中有较大的溶解度,废液不易处理,给工艺操作和环境带来极大困难. 相似文献
155.
Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Nanodevices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A novel approach converts nanoscale mechanical energy into electric energy for self-powering nanodevices.In our own work, we've used piezoelectric zinc-oxide nanowire (ZnO NW) arrays to demonstrate a novel approach for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electric energy. Here, we review the fundamental principle behind the nanogenerator, present an approach for improving its performance, and discuss some of the challenges we face in pushing this technology to reach its potential. 相似文献
156.
Chun Lin Ma Qing Feng Wang Rufen Zhang Jikun Li 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(2):229-235
Six triorganotin(IV) complexes of the type {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n (R = C6H5 1; n-Bu 2; PhCH2 4; p-F-PhCH2 5; o-F-PhCH2 6) and {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n·[EtOH] (R = Me 3) have been synthesized by the reaction of bis(carboxymethyl)trithiocarbonate with triorganotin(IV) chloride
in the presence of sodium ethoxide. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Except for 4–6, all complexes were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray date revealed
that complexes 1–3 show two-dimensional network polymeric structure in which the geometries of tin atoms are trigonal bipyramid
with the axial positions occupied by carboxylic oxygen atoms. 相似文献
157.
Qi Gong Wei Lin 《Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on》2003,48(6):1049-1054
This note shows how the adaptive control method developed recently for nonlinearly parameterized systems can be used to solve the problem of global output regulation, for nonlinear systems in the so-called output-feedback form with unknown parameters and exogenous signals belonging to a compact set whose bound is also unknown. 相似文献
158.
Youdong Lin Joshua A. Enszer Mark A. Stadtherr 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2008,32(8):1714-1725
The two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) occurs in a wide variety of problems in engineering and science, including the modeling of chemical reactions, heat transfer, and diffusion, and the solution of optimal control problems. A TPBVP may have no solution, a single solution, or multiple solutions. A new strategy is presented for reliably locating all solutions of a TPBVP. The method determines narrow enclosures of all solutions that occur within a specified search interval. Key features of the method are the use of a new solver for parametric ODEs, which is used to produce guaranteed bounds on the solutions of nonlinear dynamic systems with interval-valued parameters and initial states, and the use of a constraint propagation strategy on the Taylor models used to represent the solutions of the dynamic system. Numerical experiments demonstrate the use and computational efficiency of the method. 相似文献
159.
160.