Longitudinal investigation of the abstinence violation effect in binge eaters.

This study, guided in part by G. A. Marlatt and J. R. Gordon's (1985) abstinence violation effect (AVE) model, examined whether variability in cognitive and emotional reactions to binges accounts for recurrence of binge eating. Attributional, cognitive, and affective reactions to 2 successive binges, as well as the latencies between each binge and a subsequent binge, were evaluated through a series of structured phone interviews with 50 nonpurging normal-weight female bingers. Reported mood after binging was unrelated to binge latency. However, when Ss made more intense internal, global, and uncontrollable causal attributions for a binge, a subsequent binge followed significantly sooner. Within-subject variations in AVEs across binges prospectively predicted within-subject variations in the speed with which another binge followed. Analyses suggested that cognitive states (e.g., AVE and guilt) evoked by particular events were better predictors of how quickly binging repeats than were stable differences in attributional style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrical Conductivity Measurement Through the Loaded Q Factor of a Resonant Cavity

We present a method for measuring the electrical conductivity of metallic materials that relies on the ratio of two loaded Q factors, Q_R/Q_X, with Q_R corresponding to a TE₀₁₁-mode reference cavity made of aluminum, and Q_X the Q that results upon replacing the aluminum plate with the one fabricated from the material to be examined. Electrical conductivity is mathematically inferred from the ratio Q_R/Q_X where the loaded Q factors are measured by using the transmission-type method. Within a 3.0 percent accuracy, conductivities determined at 8.7 GHz for electrolytic copper (5.6 times 10⁷ S/m) and brass (1.6 times 10⁷ S/m) show to be in good agreement with those reported in the literature.     

Electrochemical study of 7α,12,20-O-trimethyl-conacytone in acetonitrile

An electrochemical study of the electroreduction in anhydrous acetonitrile of 7α,12,20-O-trimethyl-conacytone, an abietane quinoid diterpene derivative from the natural product 7α-O-methyl-conacytone, showed two reduction signals. At the first reduction step, fast chemical reactions involving the loss of the methoxyl group located at C-7 with simultaneous regeneration of the quinoid moiety were observed. This electrogenerated quinone is reduced again, at the same potential used with the former quinone, resulting in a two-electron peak. These results were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and double-step chronoamperometry experiments. The electrolysis under methylating conditions of 7α-O-methyl-conacytone, at potential values of the second electron transfer, generates as major products, methoxy-hydroquinone, where the methoxy group at C-7 is lost, which is in agreement with the proposed mechanism. Therefore, the second reduction signal was attributed to the reduction of semiquinone intermediates by a mechanism not elucidated.     

A Study of Ozone Generation by Negative Corona Discharge Through Different Plasma Chemistry Models

The Steady radial distribution of chemical species in a wire‐to‐cylinder ozone generator filled with pure oxygen has been computed by applying four different plasma chemistry models of increasing complexity. The most complete model considers ten species (e, O₂ ⁺, O₂ ^?, O₃ ^?, O^?, O₂, O₂(¹Δ_g), O₂(¹∑_g ⁺), O and O₃) and 79 reactions, including ionization by electron impact, electron attachment and detachment, electron-ion recombination, charge transfer, etc. The chemical model is coupled with the electrical model through Poisson's equation. The spatially averaged ozone density has been computed as a function of the current intensity and compared with the experimental values obtained by UV spectroscopy.     

Rheology of concentrated solutions of hyperbranched polyesters

The solution rheology of different generations of hyperbranched polyesters in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent was examined in this study. The solutions exhibited Newtonian behavior over a wide range of polyester concentrations. Also, the relative viscosities of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in ethylenediamine were compared with those of the hyperbranched polyesters in NMP. Both types of dendritic polymers have relative viscosities that are exponential functions of their molar fraction in solution. The slopes of these relative viscosity curves show a linear relationship with respect to the generation number. PAMAM dendrimers have the greater slopes for each generation, reflecting their relatively larger intrinsic viscosity values.     

Syllables as processing units in handwriting production.

This research focused on the syllable as a processing unit in handwriting. Participants wrote, in uppercase letters, words that had been visually presented. The interletter intervals provide information on the timing of motor production. In Experiment 1, French participants wrote words that shared the initial letters but had different syllable boundaries. In Experiment 2, French- and Spanish-speaking participants wrote cognates and pseudowords with a letter sequence that was always intrasyllabic in French and intersyllabic in Spanish. In Experiment 3, French-Spanish bilinguals wrote the cognates and pseudowords with the same type of sequences. In the 3 experiments, the critical interletter intervals were longer between syllables than within syllables, indicating that word syllable structure constrains motor production both in French and Spanish. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Downhole Upgrading of Extra-heavy Crude Oil Using Hydrogen Donors and Methane Under Steam Injection Conditions

An extra-heavy crude oil underground upgrading process is described which involves the downhole addition of a hydrogen donor additive under steam injection conditions (280-315°C and residence times of at least 24-h). Laboratory experiments showed a 4° increase in the API gravity (from 9 to 12°) of the upgraded product, a two-fold reduction in the viscosity and, an approximately 8% decrease in the asphaltene content with respect to the original crude. Further increases on the temperature led to products with improved properties reaching 15°API at 315°C. It was found that the presence of the natural formation (catalysts) and methane (natural gas) is necessary to enhance the properties of the upgraded crude oil. From GC and GC-MS results a reaction pathway is proposed that involves hydrogen transfers from tetralin to the extra-heavy crude oil resulting in the formation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene. This compound is then transformed into naphthalene, further upgrading of crude oil through hydrogen donation. The results of the experiments carried out in the presence and absence of the mineral formation and with an inert solid (SiC) strongly indicate that the former acts as a catalyst and not as a heat transfer matrix. Isotopic labeling studies (CD₄ and ¹³CH₄) give evidences that, most probably, methane is involved in the upgrading reactions.     

A matrix-based approach to properness and inversion problems for rational surfaces

We present a matrix-based approach for deciding if the parameterization of an algebraic space surface is invertible or not, and for computing the inverse of the parametrization if it exists.     

Simulation-based sequential analysis of Markov switching stochastic volatility models

We propose a simulation-based algorithm for inference in stochastic volatility models with possible regime switching in which the regime state is governed by a first-order Markov process. Using auxiliary particle filters we developed a strategy to sequentially learn about states and parameters of the model. The methodology is tested against a synthetic time series and validated with a real financial time series: the IBOVESPA stock index (São Paulo Stock Exchange).     

Simultaneous HPLC quantification of total cholesterol,tocopherols and β-carotene in Barrosã-PDO veal

A simple, rapid and sensitive procedure for the simultaneous determination of total cholesterol, tocopherols and β-carotene in meat is described. The method involves a direct saponification of the meat, a single n-hexane extraction and the analysis of the extracted compounds by normal-phase HPLC, using fluorescence (tocopherols) and UV–Vis photodiode array (cholesterol and β-carotene) detections in tandem. Rates of recovery of spiked meat samples were 93% for cholesterol, 83–86% for (α-, β- and -γ) tocopherols and 89% for β-carotene. Repeatabilities were high (CV < 6%) for all determined compounds, except for δ-tocopherol. This tocopherol, which is not usually present in meat, showed a much lower recovery percentage (73%) and repeatability (12.8%). This methodology was applied for the quantification of total cholesterol, tocopherols and β-carotene in three muscles (longissimus thoracis, longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus) of the Portuguese traditional Barrosã-PDO veal, obtained from autochthonous calves fed extensively during summer (with the least abundant green pastures) and slaughtered in early autumn (October). Barrosã-PDO veal showed median contents of total cholesterol (0.50–0.56 mg/g) and, depending on the analysed muscle, moderate to high contents of α-tocopherol (3.3–3.9 μg/g) and β-carotene (0.07–0.09 μg/g), suggesting an high sensorial and hygienic quality.