In carrying out partial vapor condensations using actively cooled surfaces it is known that 'mist' formation can occur within thermal boundary layers (Rosner and Epstein, 1968), dramatically modifying total deposition fluxes. Using a combination of flash-evaporation (Rosner and Liang, 1986) and laser probing techniques, we report new experimental results on binary alkali salt (K2SO4 + Na2SO4) deposition from combustion gases showing that the deposition rate of potassium sulfate first increases with the addition of sodium sulfate until the concentration of Na2SO4 reaches a (target surface temperature dependent) 'threshold' value. Further increases in the concentration of Na2SO4 dramatically decrease the total deposition rate of K2SO4, implying that potassium sulfate-containing microdroplets are formed within the thermal boundary layer, which, despite their thermophoretic drift toward the target, are not collected as effectively as the 'parent' K2SO4-vapor species. Laser light scattering measurements clearly reveal that suspended particles exist near the deposition surface under these conditions. Our experimental results on mass transfer rate and light scattering are consistent with those predicted using laminar boundary layer theory (Castillo and Rosner, 1989b) coupling both binary salt vapor deposition with particle vapor scavenging and deposition. Comparisons of our observed mist onset conditions (implying critical supersaturations near unity) with those expected using homogeneous nucleation theory suggest that the binary alkali sulfate mist nucleation mechanism is, instead, heterogeneous, even in our relatively 'clean' combustion products. Because of the; well-known vapor pressure reduction phenomenon associated here with the formation of non-ideal solutions, binary systems are shown to provide convenient 'vehicles' to investigate BL mist formation onset conditions and CVD-rate consequences without requiring the more extreme surface coolings characteristic of unary condensible vapor systems. An understanding of this dramatic phenomenon, obtained via such laboratory experiments and calculations, will allow its inclusion in future deposition rate calculations of engineering importance. 相似文献
The main goal of this paper is the design of a novel and robust methodology for calibrating cameras from a single image in sport scenarios, such as a soccer field, or a basketball or tennis court. In these sport scenarios, the only references we use to calibrate the camera are the lines and circles delimiting the different regions. The first problem we address is the extraction of image primitives, including the challenging problems of shaded regions and lens distortion. From these primitives, we automatically recognise the location of the sport court in the scene by estimating the homography which matches the actual court with its projection onto the image. This is achieved even when only a few primitives are available. Finally, from this homography, we recover the camera calibration parameters. In particular, we estimate the focal length as well as the position and orientation in the 3D space. We present some experiments on models and real courts which illustrate the accuracy of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
CoMo and NiMo supported Al2O3 catalysts have been investigated for hydrotreating of model molecule as well as industrial feedstock. Activity studies were carried out for thiophene and SRGO hydrodesulfurization (HDS) in an atmospheric pressure and batch reactor respectively. These activities on sulfided catalysts were evaluated as a function of promoter content [M/(M + Mo) = 0.30, 0.34, 0.39; M = Co or Ni] using fixed (ca. 8 wt.%) molybdenum content. The promoted catalysts were characterized by textural properties, XRD, and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). TPR spectra of the Co and Ni promoter catalysts showed that Ni promotes the easy reduction of Mo species compared with Co. With the variation of promoter content NiMo catalyst was found to be superior to CoMo catalyst for gas oil HDS, while at low-promoter content the opposite trend was observed for HDS of thiophene. The behavior was attributed to the several reaction mechanisms involved for gas oil HDS. A nice relationship was obtained for hydrodesulfurized gas oil refractive index (RI) and aromatic content, which corresponds to the Ni hydrogenation property. 相似文献
The effect of oral administration, for 24 or 48 hr, of different octadeca fatty acids containing a 9,12-dienoic structure
on the fatty acid composition and Δ9 desaturation activity of liver microsomes of rat fed a fat-free diet was studied. The
ethyl esters of linoelaidic and γ-linolenic acids, the methyl ester of linoleic acid and free columbinic acid were administered
to rats maintained on a fat-free diet. The supplementation of the fat-free diet with linoelaidate produced no relevant changes
in the fatty acid composition pattern of liver microsomes and did not modify the percentage of conversion of palmitic to palmitoleic
acid. The addition of linoleate or γ-linolenate to the fat-free diet returned liver microsome Δ9 desaturation activity toward
the control and partially restored the liver microsome fatty acid spectrum found in the fat-free diet. Columbinic acid (5-trans-9-cis,12-cis-18∶3), which cannot be transformed into arachidonic acid, also decreased the Δ9 desaturation activity enhanced by the fat-free
diet and evoked changes in the microsomal fatty acid composition similar to those produced by the ω6 fatty acids. These results
suggest that the modulation of Δ9 desaturase activity evoked by dietary administration of unsaturated acids of ω6 series would
depend on thecis double bond configuration of these acids. 相似文献
For an autonomous system to perform maintenance tasks in a networking device or a radio base station (RBS), it has to deal with a series of technological challenges ranging from identifying hardware-related problems to manipulating connectors. This paper describes the development of a robot maintenance system dedicated to detect and resolve faulty links caused by unplugged or poorly connected cables. Although the maintenance system relies on four subsystems, we significantly focus on our low-cost and efficient custom gripper solution developed to handle RJ45 Ethernet connectors. To examine our gripper, we conducted three experiments. First, a qualitative questionnaire was submitted to 30 users in the case of the teleoperated scenario of the gripper attached to a robotic arm. Similarly, we also tested the automatic operation mode. The results showed that our system is reliable and delivers a highly efficient maintenance tool in both teleoperated and autonomous operation modes. The practical experiment containing the removal or unplugging of connectors demonstrated our gripper’s ability to adequately handle these, whereas the feedback from the questionnaire pointed to a positive user experience. The automatic test assessed the gripper’s robustness against the continuous operation.
The electric discharge across a varistor granule filled air gap under a fast-rising voltage pulse was investigated for surge protection applications. The effects of temperature and pressure on the arc and the electrical conduction were analyzed by the characteristic changes in voltage waveforms triggered by a fast-rising high voltage pulse. In addition to the gap size, experimental results show that competing mechanisms among arc conduction, conduction through the varistor granule network, thermionic emission from Joule heating at granule-to-granule contact points, and the magnitude of the switching voltage dictate the maximum surge protection voltage for the filled air gap. Experimental evidence indicated that accumulated degradation was created at small contact points between varistor granules by repetitive assaults from longer duration, high voltage pulses. The uniqueness of using varistor over other dielectric granules in an air gap for surge protection is identified and discussed. 相似文献
The use of polymeric films incorporated with zeolite-TiO2 composites associated with UV radiation can be an alternative in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through the adsorption and photodegradation processes. This study produced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films incorporated with 13× zeolite, TiO2, and 13×-TiO2 zeolite composite to remove n-butanol and evaluate the by-products generated in the process. The results showed that 13× zeolite and TiO2 added individually or as a composite to PLA, gave the polymer matrix a significant increase in the removal capacity of n-butanol. The best performance was presented by the zeolite-TiO2, composite, confirming a synergistic effect. However, the formation of CO and CO2 exceeded the expected values, with the verification that the polymeric matrix underwent photodegradation action by TiO2. The polymeric film only containing zeolite is the most suitable for the removal of VOCs, as it did not present degradation of the PLA, generating a lower concentration of by-products. 相似文献
Air-coupled ultrasonic inspection has been demonstrated to be a non-contact method of great interest in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications. The absence of direct contact or a liquid couplant provides this technique very attractive benefits in front of the well-known and well-developed liquid-coupled ultrasonic inspection systems. A wide range of defects can be detected by means of ultrasound coupled to and harvested from the specimen in absence of contact when using appropriate transducers designed for their operation in air.This paper presents an easy way to integrate air-coupled piezoelectric transducers in conventional ultrasonic NDE equipment. The design of a specific front-end electronics by using an ultra-low noise amplifier enables existing inspection systems to be used for the dry-coupled ultrasonic test of materials and structures. The amplifier provides the receiver with a signal-to-noise ratio large enough for good quality signal processing and imaging. System dynamic ranges of more than 100 dB are achieved. 相似文献
The technology of materials removal is improved greatly by the introduction of advanced cutting tools like cubic boron nitride,
ceramics, polycrystalline diamond and the more recent whisker-reinforced materials. In this paper, the influence of cutting
temperature on machinability, mechanical properties, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy using a polycrystalline
diamond cutter is investigated. The information on machining, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy are
very useful to understand their fabrication characteristics and the basic mechanisms of its deformation and fracture. The
machinability (in terms of surface finish) of Cu-2Be alloy is evaluated as a function of cutting temperature, resulting from
wet and dry cutting. Machining is carried out on a Hardinge Cobra 42 CNC machine (Hardinge Inc., Elmira, NY), and the machining
parameters used—cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate—are kept constant during both wet and dry cutting. The machined
surface finish on Cu-2Be alloy is measured using a surface finish analyzer (Surftest 401, series 178) technique. The machined
specimens are examined for their strength and hardness properties using a standard Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell
hardness tester, respectively. Wet cutting (using coolants) produced a smooth surface finish when compared with dry cutting
of the Cu-2Be alloy. The machined specimens are examined for their microstructural features using a Nikon optical microscope.
The specimens are etched using a suitable etchant solution for revealing such microstructure constituents as grain size, phase
proportions, and the possible overheated areas (especially in dry cutting). The fractured surfaces from the tensile and impact
toughness tests are investigated for their fracture morphologies (dry and wet cutting) using a microprocessor-controlled scanning
electron microscope (Jeol Model JSM 5910 LV). A detailed analysis is also made to understand and interpret the basic fracture
mechanisms responsible for crack initiation and crack propagation. The Cu-2Be alloy showed relatively higher mechanical properties
in wet cutting in comparison to dry cutting operations. Fracture studies demonstrated intergranular and ductile fractures
as dominant modes of fracture mechanisms in Cu-2Be alloy. 相似文献