A minimum total power methodology for projecting limits on CMOS GSI

A circuit design methodology minimizing total power drain of a static complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) random logic network for a prescribed performance, operating temperature range, and short channel threshold voltage rolloff is investigated. Physical, continuous, smooth, and compact “transregional” MOSFET drain current models that consider high-field effects in scaled devices and permit tradeoffs between saturation drive current and subthreshold leakage current are employed to model CMOS circuit performance and power dissipation at low voltages. Transregional models are used in conjunction with physical short channel MOSFET threshold voltage rolloff models and stochastic interconnect distributions to project optimal supply voltages, threshold voltages, and device channel widths minimizing total power dissipated by CMOS logic circuits for each National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS) technology generation. Optimum supply voltage, corresponding to minimum total power dissipation, is projected to scale to 510 mV for the 50-nm 10-GHz CMOS generation in the year 2012. Techniques exploiting datapath parallelism to further scale the supply voltage are shown to offer decreasing reductions in power dissipation with technology scaling     

Book reviews

TOWARDS COSMOPOLIS: Planning for Multicultural Cities. Leonie Sandercock. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1998. ISBN 0471971987 (paperback). 258 pp.; bibliography. RRP $41.15.

THE MYTH OF THE POWERLESS STATE: Governing the Economy in a Global Era. Linda Weiss. Polity/Blackwell, Cambridge, 1998. ISBN 0745615821 (paperback). 260 pp.; index and bibliography. RRP $37.95.

SOCIAL CHANGE, SUBURBAN LIVES: An Australian Newtown 1960s to 1990s. Lois Bryson and Ian Winter. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1998. ISBN 1864486996 (paperback). 238 pp.; index and bibliography. RRP $29.95.

CONTESTING THE AUSTRALIAN WAY: States, Markets and Civil Society. Paul Smyth and Bettina Cass (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998. ISBN 0521633060 (hardback). 280 pp.; bibliography and index. RRP $90.00.

THE ECOLOGICAL CITY AND THE CITY EFFECT: Essays on the Urban Planning Requirements for the Sustainable City. Franco Archibugi. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1997. ISBN 1859726534 (hardback). 243 pp.; bibliography and index. RRP $96.50.

CITIES FOR TOMORROW: Integrating Land Use, Transport and the Environment. Hans L. Westerman. Austroads, Sydney, 1998. ISBN 0855885033 (paperback). Resource Document 202 pp.; Better Practice Guide. 394 pp.; index. RRP $180.00.

EAST WEST PERSPECTIVES ON 21ST CENTURY URBAN DEVELOPMENT: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millennium. John Brotchie, Peter Newton, Peter Hall and John Dickey (eds). Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1999. ISBN 1840143177 (hardback). 432 pp.; bibliography and index. RRP $122.00.

MADE IN LANCASHIRE: A History of Regional Industrialisation. Geoffrey Timmins. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1998. ISBN 0719045398. 334 pp.; bibliography and index. RRP $145.00.     

The Measurement of Surface Roughness and Profiles on Metals

A study of an optical and two stylus-type instruments for measuring surface finish was conducted. The stylus-type instruments are demonstrated to be inaccurate on metals that have a Rockwell hardness less than C-66. The inaccuracy is attributed primarily to surface damage caused by the stylus. The optical instrument causes no surface damage. Stylus-type instruments are proven also to be unsatisfactory for rating relative degree of roughness unless gross roughness differences are considered.

The interpretation of interferographs is discussed.     

The sympathetic nervous system''s role in regulating blood pressurevariability

This article focuses on how sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) contributes to the variability seen in blood pressure. Specifically, it examines the following questions: why do oscillations occur at certain frequencies, why do only certain frequencies of oscillations in SNA induce oscillations in the vasculature, and what may be the functional purpose of these oscillations     

Solvent-free copolymerization of rigid and flexible bis-1,3-benzoxazines: Facile tunability of polybenzoxazine network properties

We report the copolymerization of a flexible aliphatic-bridged bisphenol-based benzoxazine monomer comprising ten methylene units (BZ(10)BA) with two rigid benzoxazine monomers (commercially available Araldite 35600 and 35900) via a solvent-free cationic ring-opening polymerization process. The effects of monomer feed composition on polymerization behavior, thermomechanical transitions, and thermal degradation properties are reported. DSC of the ring-opening copolymerizations showed that the copolymerization behavior – in terms of polymerization onset temperature and total exothermic transition – depend greatly on the composition of the monomer feed. Samples containing larger concentrations of BZ(10)BA exhibited higher onset temperatures with lower polymerization enthalpies. The thermomechanical properties of the copolybenzoxazine networks, as evaluated by DMA, show a strong dependence on the monomer feed ratio, where higher Araldite content resulted in a higher T_g of the network. The most salient feature of benzoxazine copolymerization was revealed in the tailorability in thermomechanical properties, which were varied by 149 °C simply by changing the monomer feed ratio and the T_g was observed to be accurately predicted using the Fox equation.     

Congruence/genuineness.

Congruence or genuineness is a relational quality that has been highly prized throughout the history of psychotherapy, but of diminished research interest in recent years. In this article, we define and provide examples of this attribute of the therapy relationship and present an original meta-analytic review of the empirical literature showing its relation to improvement. Analysis of 16 studies (k), representing 863 patients (N), resulted in a weighted aggregate ES (r) of .24 (p = .003; 95% CI = .12 to .36). Moderators of the association between congruence and treatment outcome are examined, and limitations of the extant research are discussed as well. In closing, we advance several therapist practices that are likely to foster congruence and thus improve psychotherapy outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

A thermodynamic analysis of the phase equilibria of the Fe-Ni system above 1200 K

A quasi-subregular solution model is used to describe the thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase; values of the solution parameters are obtained from extensive and consistent thermochemical data reported in the literature. For the fcc and bcc phases, the same model is used to account for the nonmagnetic part of the Gibbs energy and the magnetic contribution is taken from the previous paper. Again, the values for the quasi-subregular solution parameters for the fcc phase are obtained from extensive and consistent thermochemical data reported in the literature at high temperatures. The values of the solution parameters for the bcc phase are obtained from the thermodynamic values of the liquid and fcc phases and the known phase boundary data. The calculated phase equilibria are in good agreement with the available data. Based on the thermodynamic data, the metastablel + γ andl + δ phase boundaries as well as theT ₀ (γ + l) andT ₀(δ +l) curves are calculated.     

Oscillatory-sensitization model of repeated drug exposure: cocaine's effects on shock-induced hypoalgesia

1. The authors have recently proposed that the sensitization produced by repeated exposure to drugs or stress may give way to an alternating pattern of increases and decreases in the response to each subsequent exposure (i.e., oscillate), as the limits of the physiological system are approached. 2. Evidence for oscillation has been obtained for 6 drug/non-drug stressors and 9 neurochemical or endocrine endpoints. This paper extends the model to a behavioral outcome. 3. In the first experiment, rats were given 0, 1, 2 or 3 pretreatments with cocaine hydrochloride (COC; 12 mg/kg i.p.), separated by 1-week intervals, and then were tested for footshock-induced hypoalgesia (5-sec, 2-mA), as measured by withdrawal latencies from a hot-plate. 4. The second experiment replicated the first and extended the pretreatment sequence to 5 COC injections. 5. In both experiments, shock significantly increased latencies over the no-shock controls. COC enhanced shock-induced hypoalgesia and this sensitization reached its maximum after 2 COC pretreatments. Thereafter, oscillation developed such that the sensitization was attenuated by 3 as compared to 2 COC injections, enhanced by 4 injections, and reattenuated after 5 COC pretreatments. 6. These data complement other findings by demonstrating that the oscillation model extends to a stress-induced behavioral outcome.     

Wireless telegraphy circa 1898-99: the untold South African story

This article discusses some of the lesser-known events predating the first attempted rise of the new technology of wireless telegraphy, for military communications during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. Copious use has been made of original and little-known documentary material to prepare this paper. Much of this material has never been published before. As such, the article provides an interesting insight into the way that the pioneers in the field tried to come to grips with a technology which would ultimately have a major impact on society